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Single-Neuron Responses in Humans during Execution and Observation of Actions
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Direct recordings in monkeys have demonstrated that neurons in frontal and parietal areas discharge during execution and perception of actions [1-8]. Because these discharges "reflect" the perceptual aspects of actions of others onto the motor repertoire of the perceiver, these cells have been called mirror neurons. Their overlapping sensory-motor representations have been implicated in observational learning and imitation, two important forms of learning [9]. In humans, indirect measures of neural activity support the existence of sensory-motor mirroring mechanisms in homolog frontal and parietal areas [10, 11], other motor regions [12-15], and also the existence of multisensory mirroring mechanisms in nonmotor regions [16-19]. We recorded extracellular activity from 1177 cells in human medial frontal and temporal cortices while patients executed or observed hand grasping actions and facial emotional expressions. A significant proportion of neurons in supplementary motor area, and hippocampus and environs, responded to both observation and execution of these actions. A subset of these neurons demonstrated excitation during action-execution and inhibition during action-observation. These findings suggest that multiple systems in humans may be endowed with neural mechanisms of mirroring for both the integration and differentiation of perceptual and motor aspects of actions performed by self and others.
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“Only one study purports to offer direct evidence - from single cell recording - of MNs in the human brain (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“with rare exceptions (Mukamel et al., 2010), MN activity cannot be localized precisely within the human brain.”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“The SMA has been suggested as one potential generator of the PMP (Deecke, Kornhuber, Lang, Lang, & Schreiber, 1985) and also has been ascribed mirror neuron functions (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“The generator of the PMP has been suggested to be located in the SMA (Deecke et al., 1985), which has also been ascribed human mirror neuron functions (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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Citations
Cites
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InfluentialMirroring, Mentalizing, and the Social Neuroscience of Listening
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“The most compelling evidence to date is provided by Mukamel et al. (2010), who recorded extracellular activity in the brains of patients with intractable epilepsy.”
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InfluentialAction prediction modulates self–other integration in joint action
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“Although the representation of other people’s actions seems to occur quite naturally (Carr et al., 2003; Cochin et al., 1999; Hari et al., 1998; Mukamel et al., 2010), action co-representation and joint-action coordination are not as simple as it seems.”
BackgroundVoluntary control of a phantom limb
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“Some stimulation (Fried et al., 1991) and recording (Mukamel et al., 2010) results suggest that the experience of conscious intention is associated with activation of specific structures in the medial frontal and parietal lobes (Desmurget et al., 2009).”
Towards a robotic model of the mirror neuron system
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“Recent findings suggest that mirror-like responses can also be found in primary motor cortex, and that canonical mirror responses can also be found in the hippocampus, SMA and medial frontal regions (Tkach et al., 2007; Lepage et al., 2008; Mukamel et al., 2010).”
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“According to the MNs view, this ‘motor resonance’, i.e. the activation of the motor system during action observation, translates the visual experience into an internal personal representation (Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004; Shmuelof and Zohary, 2007; Mukamel et al., 2010).”
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“Accumulated evidence has demonstrated the existence of a similar system, known as the mirror neuron system (MNS) or MN network, in humans (Buccino et al. 2004, Cattaneo and Rizzolatti 2009, Mukamel et al. 2010, Molenberghs et al. 2012, Keysers et al. 2018).”
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Cognitive Motor Rehabilitation: Imagination and Observation of Motor Actions
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“…neurons will be found for a range of actions (e.g. Ferrari, Gallese, Rizzolatti, & Fogassi, 2003), in a range of brain areas (e.g. Dushanova & Donoghue, 2010; Mukamel et al., 2010; Tkach, Reimer, & Hatsopoulos, 2007), and across a range of species (e.g. Prather, Peters, Nowicki, & Mooney, 2008).”
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“The results described above clearly show that there is higher activity in the bilateral IFG and other PMC areas (forming the main regions of the MNS; Gallese et al., 1996; Iacoboni et al., 1999; Cattaneo & Rizzolatti, 2009; Mukamel et al., 2010; Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia, 2010)”
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Ossmy, O., Han, D., Kaplan, B. E., Xu, M. J., Bianco, C., Mukamel, R., & Adolph, K. E. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97354-9 · Cited by 10
Self-citationKarimova, E., Gulyaeva, A. S., & Katermin, N. S. (2022) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2022.2112753 · Cited by 9
“Reliable evidence for the existence of mirror neurons in humans was obtained by Mukamel in his invasive single-neuron studies in the motor cortex, premotor cortex, and hippocampus of patients with epilepsy (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
Sun, Y., Yu, N., Chen, G., Liu, T., Wen, S., & Chen, W. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70486 · Cited by 10
On Habit Learning in Neuroscience and Free Will
Bernácer, J., & Giménez‐Amaya, J. M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5212-6_12 · Cited by 9
The mirror mechanism in schizophrenia: A systematic review and qualitative meta-analysis
Valizadeh, A., Mbwogge, M., Yazdi, A. R., Amlashi, N. H., Haadi, A., Shayestefar, M., & Moassefi, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.884828 · Cited by 10
“These counter-arguments were assuaged following single-cell recording studies in pre-surgical patients (23), the repetition suppression functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) procedure in healthy volunteers (17), and lesion study in the human brain regions that have been proposed to be associated with human MNS…”
Outcome of stereo-electroencephalography with single-unit recording in drug-refractory epilepsy
Nagahama, Y., Dewar, S. R., Behnke, E., Eliashiv, D. S., Stern, J. M., Kalender, G., Fields, T. A., Wilson, C. L., Staba, R. J., Engel, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2023.4.jns222633 · Cited by 11
Self-citationTemporal hierarchy of observed goal-directed actions
Aberbach-Goodman, S., & Mukamel, R. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46917-z · Cited by 9
Self-citationPeople can reliably detect action changes and goal changes during naturalistic perception
Su, X., & Swallow, K. M. (2024) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-024-01525-8 · Cited by 11
“While there is evidence that neural systems involved in action understanding are engaged online (e.g., Mukamel et al., 2010; Spunt et al., 2010) and are active around event boundaries (Zacks et al., 2010), it is not yet clear to what extent these systems are involved in goal understanding (Heyes &…”
Franks, D. D. (2014) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9130-4_13 · Cited by 9
State dependence of adaptation of force output following movement observation
Wanda, P. A., Li, G., & Thoroughman, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00353.2012 · Cited by 9
“Furthermore, mirrorlike neurons (Mukamel et al. 2010) and mirrorlike facilitation of motor cortex (Fadiga et al. 1995; Stefan et al. 2005) have been described in humans, although the properties of mirror neurons in humans have not been characterized nearly to the degree as in nonhuman primates…”
BackgroundThe mirror neuron system also rests
Bello, J. P., Modroño, C., Hernández‐Martín, E., Pérez-Martín, Y., Fariña, H., Castañón-Pérez, A., Marcano, F., & González–Mora, J. L. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-016-1335-5 · Cited by 8
“It is noteworthy that the connectivity with the SMA, a region that is not formerly included in the MNS but which is a location where mirror activity has been demonstrated in humans with single neuron recordings (Mukamel et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialBerntsen, M. B., Cooper, N. R., & Romei, V. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.045 · Cited by 9
“Nevertheless, it is known that mirror neurons fire during execution and observation of the same movements (Mukamel et al., 2010), and therefore, the neurophysiological response during self-produced movements overlaps with observation of self-related movements.”
BackgroundNeurophysiological Correlates of Impaired Development in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Salimova, K. (2022) · Biology Bulletin Reviews · doi:10.1134/s2079086422020074 · Cited by 9
“There is currently a significant amount of data confirming that MNs are also present in the human brain (Rizzolatti et al., 2001; Iacoboni and Dapretto, 2006; Mukamel et al., 2010; Molenberghs et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMöhring, N., Brandt, E. S. L., Mohr, B., Friedemann Pulvermüller, A., & Neuhaus, A. H. (2014) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.07.001 · Cited by 10
“However, a recent study on intracranial measurements in pre-surgical epilepsy patients describes neurons with mirror properties in different cortex areas (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
BackgroundWhat does it mean to predict one's own utterances?
Meyer, A. S., & Peter Hagoort, A. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12002786 · Cited by 13
Grounding clinical and cognitive scientists in an interdisciplinary discussion
Ottoboni, G. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00630 · Cited by 11
“When evidence of a similar system was reported in humans (Mukamel et al., 2010), the connection between body and mind entered centrally in the domain of psychology.”
BackgroundInfluentialMirror Neurons and Mirror-Touch Synesthesia
Linkovski, O., Katzin, N., & Salti, M. (2016) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858416652079 · Cited by 9
Critique and Refinement of the Neurosociology of Mirror Neurons
Franks, D. D., & Davis, J. (2012) · Advances in group processes · doi:10.1108/s0882-6145(2012)0000029006 · Cited by 9
Richards, J. E., & Conte, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.004 · Cited by 12
Simantov, T., Lombardo, M. V., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Uzefovsky, F. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51890-5_5 · Cited by 11
Gaemelke, T., Laustsen, C., Feys, P., Folkestad, L., Andersen, M., Jørgensen, N. R., Jørgensen, M.-L., Jespersen, S. N., Ringgaard, S., Eskildsen, S. F., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2024.101279 · Cited by 8
Current status of ultrasound training in obstetrics and gynecology: a scoping literature review
Matschl, J., Cruz, J. J., Schäfer, V. S., Wittek, A., Berg, C., Geipel, A., Gembruch, U., Strizek, B., & Recker, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1426484 · Cited by 8
Emotions in multi-brain dynamics: A promising research frontier
Antonelli, F., Bernardi, F., Koul, A., Novembre, G., & Papaleo, F. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105965 · Cited by 9
“…in the presence of social agents, not only during the observation of goal-directed actions, but also spatial locations (Livi et al., 2019; Mukamel et al., 2010; Shepherd et al., 2009; Yoshida et al., 2011), during decision making (Falcone et al., 2017; Grabenhorst et al., 2019; Haroush…”
Motor resonance facilitates movement execution: an ERP and kinematic study
Ménoret, M., Curie, A., Portes, V. D., Nazir, T. A., & Paulignan, Y. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00646 · Cited by 10
“Recently, using extracellular neuronal recordings, Mukamel et al. (2010) identified single neurons with mirror properties in the human supplementary motor area (SMA), the hippocampus, the parahippocampal gyrus and the entorhinal cortex.”
BackgroundDo gaze behaviours during action observation predict interpersonal motor resonance?
Bekkali, S., Youssef, G. J., Donaldson, P. H., He, J. L., Do, M., Hyde, C. E., Barhoun, P., & Enticott, P. G. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa106 · Cited by 10
Miguel, H. O., Condy, E. E., Nguyen, T. H., Zeytinoglu, S., Blick, E., Bress, K., Khaksari, K., Dashtestani, H., Millerhagen, J., Shahmohammadi, S., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253788 · Cited by 11
“There is only one study reported that successfully conducted single-cell recording in humans [9].”
BackgroundAYNA NÖRON SİSTEMİ VE FONKSİYONLARINA KLİNİK YAKLAŞIM
Harı, E., Cengiz, C., Kılıç, F., & Yurdakos, E. (2020) · Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine / İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.26650/iuitfd.2021.814218 · Cited by 8
Photographs of Actions: What Makes Them Special Cues to Social Perception
Kislinger, L. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111382 · Cited by 8
“Analogous neurons and mechanisms were subsequently also found in humans who observed live or videoed actions [6].”
BackgroundA Computational Agent Model for Hebbian Learning of Social Interaction
Jan Treur, A. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24955-6_2 · Cited by 8
“200-203, [12], [16]) for context c, stimulus s and body state b; they provide control for the agent’s execution of (prepared) actions, such as expressing body states or communications, or regulation of the gaze.”
BackgroundAlonso, M. O., Ibáñez, D. B., & Buenaventura, S. (2013) · Observatorio (OBS*) · doi:10.15847/obsobs732013647 · Cited by 8
“Nevertheless the expansive functions of mirror-neurons may slow-down or crash through the mechanism of anti-mirrorneurons (Mukamel et al., 2010), that in this neurobiological perspective engages with the Information Society, and its absence of cracks.”
BackgroundRepetition-Induced Plasticity of Motor Representations of Action Sounds
Bourquin, N. M.-P., Simonin, A., & Clarke, S. (2012) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-012-0260-z · Cited by 7
Positive Relationships at Work
Roffey, S. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118977620.ch11 · Cited by 11
Embodied Semantics and the Mirror Neurons: Past Research and Some Proposals for the Future
Putta, P. A. D. (2018) · Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91277-6_2 · Cited by 10
Using neuroscience to understand the impact of premium digital out-of-home media
Andrew, H., Haines, H., & Seixas, S. A. (2019) · International Journal of Market Research · doi:10.1177/1470785319851316 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Mukamel, R., Ekstrom, A. D., Kaplan, J., Iacoboni, M., & Fried, I.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mukamel, Roy
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 750-756
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2904852
- OpenAlex
- W2110997285
- Cited by
- 1,178
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 129.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS033221)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, RR 13642, RR00865, M01RR000865, C06RR012169)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- mirror neurons, action observation, action execution, supplementary motor area, hippocampus, medial frontal cortex, temporal cortex, hand grasping, emotional facial expressions, observational learning, imitation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Electrophysiology, Emotions, Facial Expression, Hand, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Motor Activity, Neurons, Psychomotor Performance, Visual Perception
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