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Single-Neuron Responses in Humans during Execution and Observation of Actions
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Direct recordings in monkeys have demonstrated that neurons in frontal and parietal areas discharge during execution and perception of actions [1-8]. Because these discharges "reflect" the perceptual aspects of actions of others onto the motor repertoire of the perceiver, these cells have been called mirror neurons. Their overlapping sensory-motor representations have been implicated in observational learning and imitation, two important forms of learning [9]. In humans, indirect measures of neural activity support the existence of sensory-motor mirroring mechanisms in homolog frontal and parietal areas [10, 11], other motor regions [12-15], and also the existence of multisensory mirroring mechanisms in nonmotor regions [16-19]. We recorded extracellular activity from 1177 cells in human medial frontal and temporal cortices while patients executed or observed hand grasping actions and facial emotional expressions. A significant proportion of neurons in supplementary motor area, and hippocampus and environs, responded to both observation and execution of these actions. A subset of these neurons demonstrated excitation during action-execution and inhibition during action-observation. These findings suggest that multiple systems in humans may be endowed with neural mechanisms of mirroring for both the integration and differentiation of perceptual and motor aspects of actions performed by self and others.
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“Only one study purports to offer direct evidence - from single cell recording - of MNs in the human brain (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“with rare exceptions (Mukamel et al., 2010), MN activity cannot be localized precisely within the human brain.”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“The SMA has been suggested as one potential generator of the PMP (Deecke, Kornhuber, Lang, Lang, & Schreiber, 1985) and also has been ascribed mirror neuron functions (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“The generator of the PMP has been suggested to be located in the SMA (Deecke et al., 1985), which has also been ascribed human mirror neuron functions (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“Although mirror neurons have been widely inferred from brain imaging in humans (e.g., Buccino et al., 2004; Gazzola and Keysers, 2009; Grézes et al., 2003), Mukamel et al. (2010) have now provided direct evidence from single-cell recordings in patients with intractable epilepsy.”
MethodGiromini, L., Porcelli, P., Viglione, D. J., Parolin, L. A. L., & Pineda, J. A. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.07.008 · Cited by 65
“Single-unit recording is not typically performed in the human brain (although see Mukamel et al., 2010).”
The human mirror neuron system—A common neural basis for social cognition?
Schmidt, S. N. L., Haß, J., Kirsch, P., & Mier, D. U. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13781 · Cited by 74
Visuo-motor imagery of specific manual actions: A multi-variate pattern analysis fMRI study
Oosterhof, N. N., Tipper, S. P., & Downing, P. E. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.045 · Cited by 68
“, 1996) and primary motor cortex (Dushanova and Donoghue, 2010), and in human hippocampus and pre-supplementary motor cortex (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
InfluentialDuann, J., & Chiou, J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162546 · Cited by 63
Ge, S., Liu, H., Lin, P., Gao, J., Xiao, C., & Li, Z. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00283 · Cited by 64
Mirror-touch synaesthesia in the phantom limbs of amputees
Goller, A. I., Richards, K., Novak, S., & Ward, J. (2011) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.002 · Cited by 65
“, 2001) and from single cell recordings (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From demonstration to theory in embodied language comprehension: A review
Horchak, O. V., Giger, J., Cabral, M., & Pochwatko, G. (2013) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2013.09.002 · Cited by 68
The functional architecture of S1 during touch observation described with 7 T fMRI
Kuehn, E., Mueller, K., Turner, R., & Schütz‐Bosbach, S. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0489-z · Cited by 58
“This is similar to the neuronal ‘‘resonance’’ responses reported for the motor system (Buccino et al. 2001; Gazzola and Keysers 2009; Mukamel et al. 2010), and the emotional system (CorradiDell’Acqua et al.”
BackgroundResultAction perception and motor imagery: Mental practice of action
Savaki, H. E., & Raos, V. (2019) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.01.007 · Cited by 67
An fMRI study of action observation and action execution in childhood
Morales, S., Bowman, L. C., Velnoskey, K. R., Fox, N. A., & Redcay, E. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100655 · Cited by 62
“Because most studies investigating the MNS in humans cannot examine the mirroring properties of specific neurons (Mukamel et al., 2010), we use the term MNS to describe the broad network of regions that display similar activity during both action execution and action observation.”
Mirror neurons (and beyond) in the macaque brain: An overview of 20 years of research
Casile, A. (2012) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.11.003 · Cited by 61
The functional neuroanatomy of actions
Watson, C. E., & Chatterjee, A. K. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182166e2c · Cited by 59
Self-reported empathy and neural activity during action imitation and observation in schizophrenia
Horan, W. P., Iacoboni, M., Cross, K. A., Korb, A., Lee, J., Nori, P., Quintana, J., Wynn, J. K., & Green, M. F. (2014) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.06.006 · Cited by 55
“motor area, and the medial temporal cortex (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMore than an imitation game: Top-down modulation of the human mirror system
Campbell, M. E. J., & Cunnington, R. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.035 · Cited by 61
Decision-making: from neuroscience to neuroeconomics—an overview
Serra, D. (2021) · Theory and Decision · doi:10.1007/s11238-021-09830-3 · Cited by 63
de Vega, M., León, I., Hernandez-Cabrera, J. A., Valdés, M., Padrón, I., & Ferstl, E. C. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00559 · Cited by 58
“Moreover, Mukamel et al. (2010) reported that the hippocampus and the parahippocampal gyrus were functionally associated with the SMA, exhibiting similar mirror or antimirror properties.”
BackgroundMurakami, T., Restle, J., & Ziemann, U. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.034 · Cited by 57
Cowles, T. L., Clark, A., Mares, K., Peryer, G., Stuck, R. A., & Pomeroy, V. M. (2012) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968312452470 · Cited by 57
“It is possible that the larger proportion of people with a LACS classification in the CPT group could have eroded any potential difference between the 2 groups as these people would be expected to have better motor recovery.(6) However, severity of motor impairment is also associated with motor recovery.”
BackgroundPothof, F., Bonini, L., Lanzilotto, M., Livi, A., Fogassi, L., Orban, G. A., Paul, O., & Ruther, P. (2016) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/13/4/046006 · Cited by 56
“These SEEG probes with macroelectrodes and movable microelectrodes are clinically approved and have been used in various studies on brain physiology [12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18].”
BackgroundMuñoz, R., Villarroel, R. H., Barcelos, T., Riquelme, F., Quezada, A., & Bustos-Valenzuela, P. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2877417 · Cited by 64
Effect of Syllable Articulation on Precision and Power Grip Performance
Vainio, L., Schulman, M., Tiippana, K. M., & Vainio, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053061 · Cited by 60
“In addition, behavioural [38–39], brain imaging [40], transcranial magnetic stimulation [41], and single cell recording [42] studies have shown that a similar mirror neuron system can be also observed in humans.”
BackgroundSmith, M. J., Schroeder, M., Abram, S. V., Goldman, M. B., Parrish, T. B., Wang, X., Derntl, B., Habel, U., Decety, J., Reilly, J. L., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu023 · Cited by 57
Bonini, L., Ferrari, P. F., & Fogassi, L. (2013) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.03.001 · Cited by 54
Brains for birds and babies: Neural parallels between birdsong and speech acquisition
Prather, J. F., Okanoya, K., & Bolhuis, J. J. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.035 · Cited by 55
“Mukamel et al. (2010) addressed that question directly.”
Biological mechanisms for observational learning
Carcea, I., & Froemke, R. C. (2018) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2018.11.008 · Cited by 60
“Since this discovery, the existence of mirror-like neurons has been reported in birds and humans [44].”
Human-robot facial coexpression
Hu, Y., Chen, B., Lin, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Mehlman, C., & Lipson, H. (2024) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.adi4724 · Cited by 54
“These neurons have been implicated in understanding other people’s actions, imitating behavior, and empathy ( 52 , 53 ).”
Activation patterns during action observation are modulated by context in mirror system areas
Molenberghs, P., Hayward, L. E., Mattingley, J. B., & Cunnington, R. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.080 · Cited by 54
Improving Efficiency of Clinical Skills Training: A Randomized Trial
Tolsgaard, M. G., Bjørck, S., Rasmussen, M. B., Gustafsson, A., & Ringsted, C. V. (2013) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2378-4 · Cited by 53
Understanding ‘what’ others do: mirror mechanisms play a crucial role in action perception
Avenanti, A., & Urgesi, C. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr004 · Cited by 57
“In the last two decades, neuroscientific research has demonstrated that humans (Mukamel et al., 2010), non-human primates (Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004) and birds (Prather et al.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Mukamel, R., Ekstrom, A. D., Kaplan, J., Iacoboni, M., & Fried, I.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mukamel, Roy
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 750-756
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2904852
- OpenAlex
- W2110997285
- Cited by
- 1,178
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 129.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS033221)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, RR 13642, RR00865, M01RR000865, C06RR012169)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- mirror neurons, action observation, action execution, supplementary motor area, hippocampus, medial frontal cortex, temporal cortex, hand grasping, emotional facial expressions, observational learning, imitation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Electrophysiology, Emotions, Facial Expression, Hand, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Motor Activity, Neurons, Psychomotor Performance, Visual Perception
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