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Single-Neuron Responses in Humans during Execution and Observation of Actions
Open accessAbstract
Direct recordings in monkeys have demonstrated that neurons in frontal and parietal areas discharge during execution and perception of actions [1-8]. Because these discharges "reflect" the perceptual aspects of actions of others onto the motor repertoire of the perceiver, these cells have been called mirror neurons. Their overlapping sensory-motor representations have been implicated in observational learning and imitation, two important forms of learning [9]. In humans, indirect measures of neural activity support the existence of sensory-motor mirroring mechanisms in homolog frontal and parietal areas [10, 11], other motor regions [12-15], and also the existence of multisensory mirroring mechanisms in nonmotor regions [16-19]. We recorded extracellular activity from 1177 cells in human medial frontal and temporal cortices while patients executed or observed hand grasping actions and facial emotional expressions. A significant proportion of neurons in supplementary motor area, and hippocampus and environs, responded to both observation and execution of these actions. A subset of these neurons demonstrated excitation during action-execution and inhibition during action-observation. These findings suggest that multiple systems in humans may be endowed with neural mechanisms of mirroring for both the integration and differentiation of perceptual and motor aspects of actions performed by self and others.
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“Only one study purports to offer direct evidence - from single cell recording - of MNs in the human brain (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“with rare exceptions (Mukamel et al., 2010), MN activity cannot be localized precisely within the human brain.”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“The SMA has been suggested as one potential generator of the PMP (Deecke, Kornhuber, Lang, Lang, & Schreiber, 1985) and also has been ascribed mirror neuron functions (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“The generator of the PMP has been suggested to be located in the SMA (Deecke et al., 1985), which has also been ascribed human mirror neuron functions (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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Citations
Cites
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“, 2010) and neural activation (Kilner et al., 2007; Mukamel et al., 2010; Veluw & Chance, 2014) are generally stronger for own compared to others’ action performance, the present findings indicate that experienced control is higher for self-produced versus other-produced actions.”
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“The presence of a mirror system has also been established in the human brain (Grafton et al., 1996; Mukamel et al., 2010).”
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“Obwohl der direkte Nachweis der Spiegeleigenschaften von Nervenzellen bei Menschen nur im Rahmen neurochirurgischer Eingriffe möglich ist (Mukamel et al. 2010) und diese sonst nur indirekt zum Beispiel aus der Ähnlichkeit neuraler Aktivierungsmuster bei Beobachtung bzw. eigener Ausführung oder…”
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“Furthermore, it has now been demonstrated, using single-cell recording, that humans have mirror neurons (Mukamel, Ekstrom, Kaplan, Iacoboni, & Fried [7]) and that they are found in multiple areas of the brain including areas strongly associated with emotion and social interaction (Gallese, Keysers, & Rizzolatti [4]).”
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“These types of neurons have also been discovered in humans (Mukamel et al., 2010), and neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that similar patterns of activation in the human brain are generated during action execution and observation (Molenberghs et al., 2012).”
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“…showing the existence in monkey premotor and primary motor cortex (Kraskov, Dancause, Quallo, Shepherd, & Lemon, 2009; Vigneswaran, Philipp, Lemon, & Kraskov, 2013) and in humans (Mukamel, Ekstrom, Kaplan, Iacoboni, & Fried, 2010) of mirror neurons which were suppressed during action observation.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mukamel, R., Ekstrom, A. D., Kaplan, J., Iacoboni, M., & Fried, I.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mukamel, Roy
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 750-756
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2904852
- OpenAlex
- W2110997285
- Cited by
- 1,178
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 129.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS033221)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, RR 13642, RR00865, M01RR000865, C06RR012169)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- mirror neurons, action observation, action execution, supplementary motor area, hippocampus, medial frontal cortex, temporal cortex, hand grasping, emotional facial expressions, observational learning, imitation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Electrophysiology, Emotions, Facial Expression, Hand, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Motor Activity, Neurons, Psychomotor Performance, Visual Perception
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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