Hallstatt miners consumed blue cheese and beer during the Iron Age and retained a non-Westernized gut microbiome until the Baroque period
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century AD) to in-depth microscopic, metagenomic, and proteomic analyses. The paleofeces were preserved in the underground salt mines of the UNESCO World Heritage site of Hallstatt in Austria. This allowed us to reconstruct the diet of the former population and gain insights into their ancient gut microbiome composition. Our dietary survey identified bran and glumes of different cereals as some of the most prevalent plant fragments. This highly fibrous, carbohydrate-rich diet was supplemented with proteins from broad beans and occasionally with fruits, nuts, or animal food products. Due to these traditional dietary habits, all ancient miners up to the Baroque period have gut microbiome structures akin to modern non-Westernized individuals whose diets are also mainly composed of unprocessed foods and fresh fruits and vegetables. This may indicate a shift in the gut community composition of modern Westernized populations due to quite recent dietary and lifestyle changes. When we extended our microbial survey to fungi present in the paleofeces, in one of the Iron Age samples, we observed a high abundance of Penicillium roqueforti and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA. Genome-wide analysis indicates that both fungi were involved in food fermentation and provides the first molecular evidence for blue cheese and beer consumption in Iron Age Europe.
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Strains from other alcoholic beverages (e.g., spirits) were less clustered, in agreement with previous studies.
“Strains from other alcoholic beverages (e.g., spirits) were less clustered, in agreement with previous studies. 115,121”
From Unexplored microbial diversity from 2,500 food metagenomes and links with the human microbiome. (2024) · cites this paper as [115]
The Results (Molecular evidence for blue cheese and beer consumption during the Iron Age; page unavailable) place spirit strains in a mixed clade alongside bread, wine, and beer strains, supporting the example of spirits as less distinctly clustered. But the paper also identifies a separate wine clade, so it does not support the broader claim that strains from other alcoholic beverages were generally less clustered. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Evolutionary biology through the lens of budding yeast comparative genomics
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Fatty acid specific δ13C values reveal earliest Mediterranean cheese production 7,200 years ago
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The Iceman’s Last Meal Consisted of Fat, Wild Meat, and Cereals
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HYPERsol: High-Quality Data from Archival FFPE Tissue for Clinical Proteomics
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Isolation and Characterization of Live Yeast Cells from Ancient Vessels as a Tool in Bio-Archaeology
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Proteomic Analyses on an Ancient Egyptian Cheese and Biomolecular Evidence of Brucellosis
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Food Microbial Biodiversity and ?Microbes of Protected Origin?
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An effective method for isolation of DNA from pig faeces and comparison of five different methods
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Repeat-Preserving Decoy Database for False Discovery Rate Estimation in Peptide Identification
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Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens from different cultivated soils
Voidarou, C. C., Bezirtzoglou, E., Alexopoulos, A., Plessas, S., Stefanis, C., Papadopoulos, I., Vavias, S., Stavropoulou, E., Fotou, K., Tzora, A., et al. (2011) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.05.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Zarnkow, M., Otto, A., & Einwag, B. (2022) · Berghahn Books · doi:10.1515/9780857452160-009 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Revealing the constituents of Egypt’s oldest beer using infrared and mass spectrometry
Farag, M. A., Elmassry, M. M., Baba, M., & Friedman, R. F. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52877-0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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Prehistoric salt mining in Hallstatt, Austria. New chronologies out of small wooden fragments
Grabner, M., Wächter, E., Nicolussi, K., Bolka, M., Sormaz, T., Steier, P., Wild, E. M., Barth, F. E., Kern, A., Rudorfer, J., et al. (2021) · Dendrochronologia · doi:10.1016/j.dendro.2021.125814 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationStPeter: Seamless Label-Free Quantification with the Trans-Proteomic Pipeline
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Self-citationÇakmakçı, S., Gündoğdu, E., Hayaloğlu, A. A., Daǧdemi̇r, E., Gürses, M., Çeti̇n, B., & KAHYAOĞLU, D. T. (2012) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03116.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Cuisine of Ancient Mesopotamia
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Der bronzezeitliche Bergbau in Hallstatt. Neue Lebensbilder zum Salzbergwerk
Reschreiter, H., & Kowarik, K. (2019) · Archaeologia Austriaca · doi:10.1553/0x003b1206 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationFesti, D., Brandner, D., Grabner, M., Knierzinger, W., Reschreiter, H., & Kowarik, K. (2020) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102670 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationHeiss, A. G., Jakobitsch, T., Wiesinger, S., & Trebsche, P. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248287 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Stika, H. (2022) · Berghahn Books · doi:10.1515/9780857452160-010 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Microbial Ecology of Traditional Beer Fermentations
Spitaels, F., Wieme, A. D., Snauwaert, I., Vuyst, L. D., & Vandamme, P. A. R. (2016) · Caister Academic Press eBooks · doi:10.21775/9781910190616.07 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
García, S., Vidal, J. E., Heredia, N. L., & Juneja, V. K. (2019) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555819972.ch19 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Study on the sugar content of blue-veined “Gorgonzola” PDO cheese
Monti, L., Pelizzola, V., Povolo, M., Fontana, S., & Contarini, G. (2019) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.03.009 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Fermentierter Brei und vergorenes Malz
Rosenstock, E., & Scheibner, A. (2017) · Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) · doi:10.17169/refubium-24306 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Western diets and chronic diseases
Adolph, T. E., & Tilg, H. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03165-6 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“Indeed, the recommendation to increase vegetable and fruit intake and revealed that diet Westernization with more-refined food processing began during the Baroque period in the eighteenth century 27 .”
Unexplored microbial diversity from 2,500 food metagenomes and links with the human microbiome.
Carlino, N., Blanco-Míguez, A., Punčochář, M., Mengoni, C., Pinto, F., Tatti, A., Manghi, P., Armanini, F., Avagliano, M., Barcenilla, C., et al. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.039 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“119 We performed phylogenetic analysis through StrainPhlAn and integrated our set of food and human metagenomes with 157 isolate genomes from liquid state fermentation (LSF, e.g., from wine and beer) and solid-substrate fermentation (SSF, e.g., from bread and sake) with yeast 115 (STAR Methods).”
Self-citationBalasubramanian, R., Schneider, E., Gunnigle, E., Cotter, P. D., & Cryan, J. F. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105562 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“…concurrently enhancing flavour profile (Liu et al., 2019b; Cai et al., 2019; Mandha et al., 2022; Peraza and Perron, 2022), reducing the toxicity of raw materials/controlling pathogenic microorganisms and simultaneously allowing for their digestion (Reddy and Pierson, 1994; Maixner et al., 2021).”
Piperni, E., Nguyen, L. H., Manghi, P., Kim, H., Pasolli, E., Andreu‐Sánchez, S., Arrè, A., Bermingham, K. M., Blanco‐Míguez, A., Manara, S., et al. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.018 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationBlanco‐Míguez, A., Gálvez, E. J. C., Pasolli, E., Filippis, F. D., Amend, L., Huang, K. D., Manghi, P., Lesker, T.-R., Riedel, T., Cova, L., et al. (2023) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2023.09.013 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationMetagenomic Insight into The Global Dissemination of The Antibiotic Resistome
Zhang, Q., Xu, N., Lei, C., Chen, B., Wang, T., Ma, Y., Lu, T., Peñuelas, J., Gillings, M. R., Zhu, Y., et al. (2023) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202303925 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Human microbiome variance is underestimated
Shanahan, F., Ghosh, T. S., & O’Toole, P. W. (2023) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2023.102288 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Archaeology meets environmental genomics: implementing sedaDNA in the study of the human past
Özdoğan, K. T., Gelabert, P., Hammers, N., Altınışık, N. E., de Groot, G. A., & Plets, G. (2024) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-024-01999-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Ancient DNA analysis of micro and macro remains can increase the taxonomic resolution to which they can be identified (Hagan et al. 2020; Kuch and Poinar 2012 ; Maixner et al. 2021; Nodari et al. 2021; Oskam et al. 2012).”
BackgroundSchaschl, H., Göllner, T., & Morris, D. L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08588-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kapun, M., Schwentner, M., Haring, E., Akkari, N., Kroh, A., Kruckenhauser, L., Palandačić, A., & Vohland, K. (2025) · Natural History Collections and Museomics · doi:10.3897/nhcm.2.161331 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A genomic view on lactic metabolism
Qiao, N., & Gänzle, M. G. (2025) · Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.fm.2025.104945 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A comprehensive overview of blue-veined cheeses
Ferroukhi, I., Chassard, C., & Mardon, J. (2024) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2024.105926 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Huang, K. D., Amend, L., Gálvez, E. J. C., Lesker, T.-R., de Oliveira, R., Bielecka, A., Blanco‐Míguez, A., Valles‐Colomer, M., Ruf, I., Pasolli, E., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101426 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“18,20,21 Shotgun metagenome sequencing and advances in bio-informatic analyses have recently uncovered that the family Pre-votellaceae , the genera Prevotella and Segatella , and its most prevalent species in humans, Segatella copri (formerly Prevotella copri ), display a much larger taxonomic and…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCurious case of the history of fermented milk: tangible evidence
Sakandar, H. A., & Zhang, H. (2022) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2022.07.013 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ultraconserved bacteriophage genome sequence identified in 1300-year-old human palaeofaeces
Rozwalak, P., Barylski, J., Wijesekara, Y., Dutilh, B. E., & Zieleziński, A. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-44370-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zhao, Z., & Gänzle, M. G. (2025) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2025.105113 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A review of suspension trapping digestion method in bottom‐up proteomics
Duong, V., Park, J., & Lee, H. (2022) · Journal of Separation Science · doi:10.1002/jssc.202200297 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Grasso, G., Bianciotto, V., & Marmeisse, R. (2024) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.14390 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Faeces are more rarely preserved with their original intestinal , but exceptional cases of preservation do exist, such as in salt-rich environments (salt mines) (Maixner et al., 2021) or dry desert ones (Wibowo et al., 2021) that allow for a rapid desiccation of the samples.”
BackgroundPhylogeny and disease associations of a widespread and ancient intestinal bacteriophage lineage
de Jonge, P. A., van den Born, B. H., Zwinderman, A. H., Nieuwdorp, M., Dutilh, B. E., & Herrema, H. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50777-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The nonindustrialised microbiome in a modern world
Shanahan, F., Ghosh, T. S., Molloy, M. G., & O’Toole, P. W. (2022) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20220203 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Grasso, G., Debruyne, R., Adamo, M., Rué, O., Lejzerowicz, F., Bittner, L., Bianciotto, V., & Marmeisse, R. (2025) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/1755-0998.14122 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…as diverse as archaeological artefacts such as dental calculus and desiccated or mineralised faeces (Hagan et al. 2020), thus giving access to ancient human/animal oral and intestinal microbiomes (Brealey et al. 2021; Fellows Yates et al. 2021; Maixner et al. 2021; Quagliariello et al. 2022).”
Warinner, C. (2022) · Journal of Anthropological Research · doi:10.1086/721976 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“While blue cheeses are thought to have first developed during the medieval period, followed bymajor changes due to intense microbial selection during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Ropars et al. 2020), the recent discovery of ancient DNA evidence of Penicillium roqueforti in human paleofeces from an archaeolo…”
BackgroundInfluentialPaskulin, L., McGrath, K. M., Hagan, R., Speller, C., Berihuete‐Azorín, M., Stika, H., Valamoti, S.-M., & Hendy, J. (2024) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2024.106019 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Heiss, A. G., Zech-Matterne, V., Monteix, N., Tillier, M., & Noûs, C. (2021) · Gallia · doi:10.4000/gallia.6298 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“2013 ; Maixner et al .”
Barsch, E., Kowarik, K., Rodler, K., Hörweg, C., Reschreiter, H., Sattmann, H., & Walochnik, J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-38989-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegration of modern technologies to advance dietary assessment
Cuparencu, C., Diener, C., Wilson, T., Gibbons, S. M., & Lucassen, D. A. (2026) · Nature Food · doi:10.1038/s43016-025-01290-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In modern humans, most research has focused on bacterial DNA linked to specific food groups (for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae for beer/bread and Penicillium roqueforti for blue cheese) 77 .”
Orthrus: an AI-powered, cloud-ready, and open-source hybrid approach for metaproteomicsPreprint
Chiang, Y., & Collins, M. J. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.15.623814 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Metaproteomic approaches to ancient foodways: A review
Evans, M. (2025) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2025.106211 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cantor, M. D., & Hornnes, M. H. D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15956-5.00031-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ancient microbial DNA and proteins preserve in concretions covering human remains
Bonucci, B., de-Dios, T., Barbieri, R., Thompson, J. E., Panella, S., Radina, F., Sivilli, S., Kabral, H., Solnik, A., Tafuri, M. A., et al. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113182 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A First Draught: Pitfalls and Potentials in the Archaeological Chemistry of Beer
Driscoll, J. M., & Damm, J. C. (2023) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-2023-1446.ch002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kowarik, K., Brandner, D., Hofmann, K., Strasser, M., & Reschreiter, H. (2022) · Internet Archaeology · doi:10.11141/ia.60.7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationTraditional Norwegian Kveik Yeast: An Ancient Sister Group to Domesticated Saccharomyces cerevisiaePreprint
Dondrup, M., Eiken, H. G., Martinussen, A. O., Haugland, L. K., Holdhus, R., Dolan, D., Grellscheid, S. N., Hagen, S. B., Elameen, A., & Myking, T. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547515 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Reads from (Preiss et al. 2018) contained some Illumina universal adapter sequences that were not properly removed by Trimmomatic and all samples were therefore subjected to a second round of adapter trimming with cutadapt (Martin 2011).”
MethodHurst, C. J. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9781119850007.ch1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Digesting the data: Proper validation in ancient metagenomic studies is essentialPreprint
Pach, A. L., Lanigan, L. T., Niemann, J., Pedersen, M. W., & Schroeder, H. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.27.581519 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Abdalrahem, A., Noûs, C., Duplessis, S., Frey, P., Stoeckel, S., & Halkett, F. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680262 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mirzakhani, E., Mohammadi, M. A., Ansari, F., & Pourjafar, H. (2024) · Methods and protocols in food science · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4144-6_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Evidence for Historic and Ongoing Human‐Mediated Dispersal of Yeast
Ruffieux, M., & Heil, C. S. (2026) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.70247 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Future studies will benefit from ancient/ historical DNA sampling of archaeological remains to add additional clarity on divergence times (Liu et al. 2024; Maixner et al. 2021).”
Mouali, Y. E., Tawk, C., Huang, K. D., Sivapornnukul, P., Mengoni, C., Segata, N., & Strowig, T. (2026) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2026.04.006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationTraditional Foods as Sources of Probiotics
Singh, B., Mal, G., Kalra, R. S., & Marotta, F. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65455-8_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rondini, P., Patrizi, G., & Benedetto, G. E. D. (2025) · Heritage · doi:10.3390/heritage8060198 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Enzymatic bromination of marine fungal extracts for enhancement of chemical diversity
Cochereau, B., du Pont, T. R., Pouchus, Y. F., Taşdemir, D., Meslet‐Cladière, L., & Roullier, C. (2023) · Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102786 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Taxonize-gb: A tool for filtering GenBank non-redundant databases based on taxonomyPreprint
Sarhan, M. S., Filosi, M., Maixner, F., & Fuchsberger, C. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.586347 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Impact of Reference Genome Divergence on Ancient DNA Damage Detection in Metagenomic ContextsPreprint
Guinet, B., Sharif, M. B., & van der Valk, T. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665190 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Additionally, cases where the host and microbes are believed to have died simultaneously, similar damage patterns are often interpreted as evidence of their contemporaneity (e.g., (Ferrari et al. 2020; Philips et al. 2017; Feldman et al. 2016; Maixner et al. 2021)).”
Fulminante, F. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90799-6.00243-3
Phylogeny and disease links of a widespread and ancient gut phage lineagePreprint
de Jonge, P. A., van den Born, B. H., Zwinderman, A. H., Nieuwdorp, M., Dutilh, B. E., & Herrema, H. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555303
A Brief History of Salt and Its Influence on Civilization
Mohriak, W. (2025) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1002/9781119405245.ch1
A History of Mountain Archaeology
Walsh, K., BETTS, A. V. G., Angelis, H. H. D., & Mocci, F. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197608005.013.3
Niemann, J., Huang, Y., Lanigan, L. T., Grijalba, A. L. W., Dunn, R. R., Sikora, M., & Schroeder, H. (2025) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-025-03818-w
“…HS2604, decontamination converted the previously uneven T. trichiura alignment into one with even coverage—consistent with additional support from Maixner et al. [34], who recovered a T. trichiura mitochondrial genome and reported hits to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene for this sample.”
InfluentialThe Economic and Ecological Impact of Dairy Production in Alpine Prehistory: A Numerical Approach
Carrer, F. (2025) · Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology · doi:10.5334/jcaa.209
Strategies for reducing salt content and nutritional valorization of blue-veined cheeses
Ferroukhi, I. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/9c89f041z1784z49a8z8592z5d0905642dfb
Rebay‐Salisbury, K., Waltenberger, L., Fritzl, M., Skerjanz, H., Verdianu, D., Quade, L., Spannagl‐Steiner, M., Wolf, M., Kanz, F., Frère, A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105740 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cosmopolitan gut bacteriophages expand the phenotype of health-related bacteriaPreprint
Rozwalak, P., Zieleziński, A., Fontalvo, M. A. D. A., Ménard, S., Auger, S., & Dutilh, B. E. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.08.723808
The fungal lives of ruins: paths forward for a mushroom archaeology
Venovcevs, A. (2026) · Archaeological Dialogues · doi:10.1017/s1380203826100270
Evaluating microstructural malting identification markers in charred archaeological cereal grains
Cordes, A., Henriksen, P. S., Taube, M., Johansen, S. M., Hald, M. M., Sørensen, L., Haase, K., Møller, N. A., Nielsen, B. H., Jørgensen, T., et al. (2026) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105847
Historical aspects of beer consumption
Maixner, F., Hoffmann, C., Eizaguirre, J. I., Hutzler, M., & Zarnkow, M. (2026) · Beer in Health and Disease Prevention · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22332-7.00017-9
Self-citationPedergnana, A., & Cova, M. (2026) · Heritage · doi:10.3390/heritage9090372
Burge, K., Velsko, I. M., Salazar‐García, D. C., Uriarte, M. H., Maurandi, J. L., & Warinner, C. (2026) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/1755-0998.70201
Seasonal and multi-functional use of industrial space at Iron Age Tel Shiqmona, Israel
Ramírez, I. O., Shalvi, G., Pinsky, S., Jacobson, M., Zuckerman‐Cooper, R., Gilboa, A., & Friesem, D. E. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0355104
“Even in unique industrial contexts like the Hallstatt salt mines in Austria, seasonal insights focused on the seasonal diet of laborers rather than the internal spatial organization and functional rotation of the production site [52].”
Zuckerman, M. K., Hofman, C. A., Rayfield, K. M., Lin, A. T., Liu, H., Austin, R. M., Kistler, L., & Sholts, S. B. (2026) · International Journal of Paleopathology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpp.2026.09.004
- Authors
- Maixner, F., Sarhan, M. S., Huang, K. D., Tett, A., Schoenafinger, A., Zingale, S., Blanco-Míguez, A., Manghi, P., Cemper-Kiesslich, J., Rosendahl, W., Kusebauch, U., Morrone, S. R., Hoopmann, M. R., Rota-Stabelli, O., Rattei, T., Moritz, R. L., Oeggl, K., Segata, N., Zink, A., Reschreiter, H., & Kowarik, K.
- Affiliations
- Eurac Research (IT)
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (IT)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- University of Trento (IT)
- Reiss Engelhorn Museum (DE)
- Institute for Systems Biology (US)
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- Natural History Museum Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Maixner, Frank
- Kowarik, Kerstin
- ORCID
- Maixner, Frank
- Sarhan, Mohamed S.
- Huang, Kun D.
- Tett, Adrian
- Schoenafinger, Alexander
- Zingale, Stefania
- Manghi, Paolo
- Cemper-Kiesslich, Jan
- Rosendahl, Wilfried
- Kusebauch, Ulrike
- Morrone, Seamus R.
- Hoopmann, Michael R.
- Rattei, Thomas
- Moritz, Robert L.
- Oeggl, Klaus
- Segata, Nicola
- Zink, Albert
- Reschreiter, Hans
- Kowarik, Kerstin
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 5149-5162.e6
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8660109
- OpenAlex
- W3206940038
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 44.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Fondazione Edmund Mach) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1920268)
- Provincia autonoma di Bolzano - Alto Adige (FESR1078-MummyLabs)
- National Institutes of Health (1s10od026936-01, GM087221)
- European Regional Development Fund (2014-2020_CALL-FESR 2017, FESR1078-MummyLabs)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM087221)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Paleopathology and ancient diseases
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- paleofeces, salt mines, blue cheese, beer, Penicillium roqueforti, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, food fermentation, cereals, Vicia faba, molecular archaeology
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Beer, Cheese, Diet, Fungi, Proteomics
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