The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Delayed reward discounting predicts treatment response for heavy drinkers receiving smoking cessation treatment
Open accessAbstract
Delayed reward discounting (DRD) is a behavioral economic index of impulsivity that reflects the extent to which an individual devalues a reward based on its delay in time (i.e., preference for smaller immediate rewards relative to larger delayed rewards). Current smokers exhibit greater DRD compared to non-smokers, but also exhibit greater DRD compared to ex-smokers, suggesting that either DRD is inversely associated with successful smoking cessation or that smoking cessation itself reduces DRD. In a sample of treatment-seeking smokers (n=57, 61% male, 85% Caucasian) participating in a randomized controlled smoking cessation trial, the current study prospectively examined DRD for money in general and at three magnitudes in relation to time to the participants' first lapse to smoking. Survival analysis using Cox proportional-hazards regression revealed that DRD predicted days to first lapse (ps<.05-.01) and did so beyond nicotine dependence, sensation-seeking, and income in covariate analyses, with the exception of small magnitude discounting. In addition, dichotomous comparisons revealed significantly more impulsive baseline discounting for individuals who had lapsed by the two-week and eight-week follow-up visits. These findings indicate that high levels of DRD reflect a risk factor for poor smoking cessation treatment response. Interrelationships among the variables assessed and clinical strategies to improve outcomes for smokers who are high in DRD are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“discounting rates are predictive of treatment outcomes [11, 62, 63, 70, 71].”
From The behavioral economics and neuroeconomics of reinforcer pathologies: implications for etiology and treatment of addiction (2011) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“low rates of discounting predict higher rates of success in substance abuse treatment programs [62, 63]”
From The behavioral economics and neuroeconomics of reinforcer pathologies: implications for etiology and treatment of addiction (2011) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“poorer response in smoking cessation treatment [62]”
From The behavioral economics and neuroeconomics of reinforcer pathologies: implications for etiology and treatment of addiction (2011) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Longitudinal studies suggest that steep delay discounting precedes and predicts human drug use”
From Changing Delay Discounting and Impulsive Choice: Implications for Addictions, Prevention, and Human Health (2019) · cites this paper as MacKillop & Kahler, 2009
In the citing paper
“individuals with lower rates of delay discounting tend to be more responsive to treatment for nicotine dependence (Krishnan-Sarin et al., 2007; MacKillop & Kahler, 2009; Yoon et al., 2007), or cocaine dependence (Washio et al., 2011).”
From Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: Emerging evidence (2012) · cites this paper as MacKillop & Kahler, 2009
In the citing paper
“In addition to smoking initiation, when attempting to quit smoking, delay discounting predicts poorer treatment response162,163 and higher likelihood of relapse.163”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [162]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
HEATHERTON, T. F., KOZLOWSKI, L. T., FRECKER, R. C., & FAGERSTROM, K. (1991) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x · Cited by 10,738
A perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded rationality.
Kahneman, D. (2003) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.9.697 · Cited by 5,540
Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update
Panel, T. U. A. D. G. (2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e566222009-001 · Cited by 3,864
Bowman, P. W. (1963) · AIBS Bulletin · doi:10.2307/1292957 · Cited by 3,654
Treating tobacco use and dependence-Clinical practice guideline
Mc, F. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,616
Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control.
Ainslie, G. (1975) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0076860 · Cited by 2,708
Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence
(2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1627 · Cited by 2,701
Out of Control: Visceral Influences on Behavior
Loewenstein, G. (1996) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1996.0028 · Cited by 2,610
Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls.
Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., & Bickel, W. K. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.1.78 · Cited by 2,171
Clinical Practice Guideline: Otitis Media with Effusion (Update)
Rosenfeld, R. M., Shin, J. J., Schwartz, S. R., Coggins, R., Gagnon, L., Hackell, J. M., Hoelting, D., Hunter, L. L., Kummer, A. W., Payne, S. C., et al. (2016) · Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1177/0194599815623467 · Cited by 2,006
Biochemical verification of tobacco use and cessation
Benowitz, N. L., III, P. J., Ahijevych, K., Jarvis, M. J., Hall, S., LeHouezec, J., Hansson, A., Lichtenstein, E., Henningfield, J., Tsoh, J., et al. (2002) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200210123581 · Cited by 1,800
Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers
Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L., & Madden, G. J. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/pl00005490 · Cited by 1,433
SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITY AND DELAY
Rachlin, H., Raineri, A., & Cross, D. (1991) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1991.55-233 · Cited by 1,341
Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: delay discounting processes
Bickel, W. K., & Marsch, L. A. (2001) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961736.x · Cited by 1,117
Ainslie, G. W. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139164191 · Cited by 995
Madden, G. J., Petry, N. M., Badger, G. J., & Bickel, W. K. (1997) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.5.3.256 · Cited by 911
Measures of impulsivity in cigarette smokers and non-smokers
Mitchell, S. H. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/pl00005491 · Cited by 911
Petry, N. M. (2001) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000638 · Cited by 761
Reliability of alcohol abusers' self-reports of drinking behavior
Sobell, L. C., Maisto, S. A., Sobell, M. B., & Cooper, A. M. (1979) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(79)90025-1 · Cited by 721
Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals.
Coffey, S., Gudleski, G., Saladin, M., & Brady, K. (2003) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.11.1.18 · Cited by 655
Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals.
Coffey, S. F., Gudleski, G. D., Saladin, M. E., & Brady, K. T. (2003) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.11.1.18 · Cited by 625
Hyperbolic temporal discounting in social drinkers and problem drinkers.
Vuchinich, R. E., & Simpson, C. A. (1998) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.6.3.292 · Cited by 624
Baker, F., Johnson, M. W., & Bickel, W. K. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.3.382 · Cited by 602
Time and Decision: Economic and Psychological Perspectives on Intertemporal Choice
Güth, W. (2004) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2004.04.003 · Cited by 601
Helping Patients Who Drink Too Much: A Clinician's Guide
(2005) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e495492006-001 · Cited by 582
Brief measures of sensation seeking for screening and large-scale surveys
Stephenson, M. T., Hoyle, R. H., Palmgreen, P., & Slater, M. D. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.08.003 · Cited by 557
Delay discounting and probability discounting as related to cigarette smoking status in adults
Reynolds, B., Richards, J. B., Horn, K., & Karraker, K. (2004) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(03)00109-8 · Cited by 495
Substance abuse, pathological gambling, and impulsiveness
Petry, N. M. (2001) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(00)00188-5 · Cited by 462
Krishnan-Sarin, S., Reynolds, B., Duhig, A. M., Smith, A., Liss, T., McFetridge, A., Cavallo, D. A., Carroll, K. M., & Potenza, M. N. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.006 · Cited by 436
Predicting Smoking Cessation: Who Will Quit With and Without the Nicotine Patch
Kenford, S. L. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.271.8.589 · Cited by 405
Helping patients who drinks too much. A Clinician’s Guide
Agabio, R., Fantozzi, F., & Tossicodipendenze, C. E. D. R. M. D. (2006) · UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) · Cited by 391
Piasecki, T. M. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.11.007 · Cited by 370
Behavioral economics: Reunifying psychology and economics
Camerer, C. F. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.19.10575 · Cited by 364
Bjork, J. M., Hommer, D. W., Grant, S. J., & Danube, C. (2004) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2004.06.012 · Cited by 354
Impulsive Responding in Alcoholics
Mitchell, J. M., Fields, H. L., D'Esposito, M., & Boettiger, C. A. (2005) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000191755.63639.4a · Cited by 331
Delay discounting predicts postpartum relapse to cigarette smoking among pregnant women.
Yoon, J. H., Higgins, S. T., Heil, S. H., Sugarbaker, R. J., Thomas, C. S., & Badger, G. J. (2007) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.2.186 · Cited by 322
Postcessation cigarette use: The process of relapse
Brandon, T. H., Tiffany, S. T., Obremski, K. M., & Baker, T. B. (1990) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(90)90013-n · Cited by 313
Time and Decision: Economic and Psychological Perspectives of Intertemporal Choice
Loewenstein, G. F., Read, D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2003) · Cited by 302
Boettiger, C. A., Mitchell, J. M., Tavares, V. C., Robertson, M., Joslyn, G., D'Esposito, M., & Fields, H. L. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2551-07.2007 · Cited by 300
Delay discounting and the alcohol Stroop in heavy drinking adolescents
Field, M., Christiansen, P., Cole, J. C., & Goudie, A. J. (2007) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01743.x · Cited by 292
Eisenberg, D. T. A., MacKillop, J., Modi, M. E., Beauchemin, J., Dang, D., Lisman, S. A., Lum, J. K., & Wilson, D. S. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-3-2 · Cited by 264
Self-citationThree-month stability of delay and probability discounting measures.
Ohmura, Y., Takahashi, T., Kitamura, N., & Wehr, P. (2006) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.14.3.318 · Cited by 258
Shiffman, S. M., Hickcox, M., Paty, J. A., Gnys, M., Kassel, J. D., & Richards, T. J. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.5.993 · Cited by 258
Shiffman, S., Hickcox, M., Paty, J. A., Gnys, M., Kassel, J. D., & Richards, T. J. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.5.993 · Cited by 254
Dom, G., D’haene, P., Hulstijn, W., & Sabbe, B. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01270.x · Cited by 225
Delay discounting predicts cigarette smoking in a laboratory model of abstinence reinforcement
Dallery, J., & Raiff, B. R. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0627-5 · Cited by 197
Reliability of a Measure of Temporal Discounting
Simpson, C. A., & Vuchinich, R. E. (2000) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395339 · Cited by 181
Influence of an alternative reinforcer on human cocaine self-administration
Higgins, S. T., Bickel, W. K., & Hughes, J. R. (1994) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(94)00878-7 · Cited by 175
Johnson, M. W., Bickel, W. K., & Kirshenbaum, A. P. (2004) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.12.012 · Cited by 156
Choice, behavioral economics, and addiction
Vuchinich, R. E., & Heather, N. (2003) · Cited by 155
Validation of the multiple-choice procedure for investigating drug reinforcement in humans.
Griffiths, R. R., Rush, C. R., & Puhala, K. A. (1996) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.4.1.97 · Cited by 114
Effects of morphine and naltrexone on impulsive decision making in rats
Kieres, A. K., Hausknecht, K. A., Farrar, A. M., Acheson, A., de Wit, H., & Richards, J. B. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1697-2 · Cited by 100
Initial nicotine sensitivity in humans as a function of impulsivity
Perkins, K. A., Lerman, C. E., Coddington, S. B., Jetton, C., Karelitz, J. L., Scott, J., & Wilson, A. S. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1231-7 · Cited by 91
Endogenous Opioid Blockade and Impulsive Responding in Alcoholics and Healthy Controls
Mitchell, J., Tavares, V. C., Fields, H. L., D’Esposito, M., & Boettiger, C. A. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301226 · Cited by 89
Takahashi, T., Furukawa, A., Miyakawa, T., Maesato, H., & Higuchi, S. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 85
Reynolds, B. A. (2006) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.fbp.0000190684.77360.c0 · Cited by 84
Sensation seeking, nicotine dependence, and smoking motivation in female and male smokers
Carton, S., Jouvent, R., & Widlöcher, D. (1994) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)90026-4 · Cited by 80
Addressing heavy drinking in smoking cessation treatment: A randomized clinical trial.
Kahler, C. W., Metrik, J., LaChance, H. R., Ramsey, S. E., Abrams, D. B., Monti, P. M., & Brown, R. A. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012717 · Cited by 79
Self-citationDelay discounting: A fundamental behavioral process of drug dependence.
Bickel, W. K., & Johnson, M. W. (2003) · Cited by 60
Abstinence or moderation? Choice by alcoholics
Bigelow, G. E., Cohen, M., Liebson, I. A., & Faillace, L. A. (1972) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(72)90037-x · Cited by 54
Kahler, C. W., Spillane, N. S., Metrik, J., Leventhal, A. M., & Monti, P. M. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.01.003 · Cited by 45
Self-citationCarton, S., Houezec, J. L., Lagrue, G., & Jouvent, R. (2000) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(00)00067-8 · Cited by 29
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis
MacKillop, J., Amlung, M. T., Few, L. R., Ray, L. A., Sweet, L. H., & Munafò, M. R. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2229-0 · Cited by 1,021
Self-citationDELAY DISCOUNTING: I'M A K, YOU'RE A K
Odum, A. L. (2011) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.2011.96-423 · Cited by 736
The behavioral economics of substance use disorders: reinforcement pathologies and their repair
Bickel, W. K., Johnson, M. W., Koffarnus, M. N., MacKillop, J., & Murphy, J. G. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153724 · Cited by 655
Self-citationAmlung, M., Vedelago, L., Acker, J., Balodis, I., & MacKillop, J. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13535 · Cited by 626
Self-citationBickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Koffarnus, M. N., & Gatchalian, K. M. (2012) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.02.004 · Cited by 604
Metadata
- Authors
- MacKillop, J., & Kahler, C. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Georgia (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- MacKillop, James
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-10
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 197-203
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2740648
- OpenAlex
- W2099419458
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 9.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K23AA016936)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA015534, R01 DA15534)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- delay discounting, impulsivity, smoking cessation, heavy drinkers, treatment response, smoking relapse, nicotine dependence, sensation seeking, behavioral economics, treatment-seeking smokers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Counseling, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Nicotine, Reward, Risk-Taking, Smoking, Tobacco Use Disorder, Smoking Cessation, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
