Environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastics and phenanthrene show limited effects on the behaviour and physiology of green crab lineages
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Plastic pollution is a growing environmental concern, with microplastics (MPs) and associated contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) jeopardising the resilience and long-term survival of marine species. While species-specific effects have been well-documented, the role of intraspecific diversity in modulating species' responses to these contaminants remains largely neglected. This study investigates whether genetically distinct lineages of the green crab ( Carcinus maenas ) differ in their behavioural and physiological responses to environmentally relevant concentrations of polyethylene microplastics (PE) and PE contaminated with phenanthrene (PE+PHE). Juvenile crabs from the Southwest European (SWE) and Icelandic (ICE) populations were exposed to control seawater, PE, or PE+PHE for 72 h, and their behavioural (i.e., food contest) and physiological performances (i.e., heart rate) were assessed. Overall, there were no significant effects of PE or PE+PHE on key behavioural traits related to food competition (e.g., latency to initiate movement, interbout intervals, contest outcome) or on physiological parameters such as heart rate. However, resource possession was significantly reduced in ICE crabs exposed to PE. Our findings suggest that C. maenas exhibits short-term resilience to MPs and PAHs, with similar behavioural responses across distinct genotypic lineages (SWE = ICE). However, differences in heart rates between genetically distinct populations, even in control conditions, highlight the potential effect of lineage-specific physiological plasticity. In addition, high inter-individual variability in behavioural responses suggests susceptibility to MPs and PAHs may not be uniform within populations. Long-term assessments incorporating individual-based analyses are needed to fully understand the complex interplay between plastic pollution, genetic diversity, and behavioural plasticity in this marine species. • We test whether intraspecific diversity affects species responses to microplastic. • We compare two genetic lineages of the European green crab ( Carcinus maenas ). • We observe limited intraspecific effects on crab behaviour and physiology. • Heart rate differs between crab lineages even under control conditions. • High individual variability suggests that susceptibility to pollution is not uniform.
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Effects of PAHs depend strongly on the duration of exposure, as short-term assays may underestimate physiological and behavioral disruption.
“However, such effects depend strongly on the duration of exposure, as short-term assays may underestimate physiological and behavioral disruption [75].”
From Wildfire Ash Alters Freshwater Crustacean Behavior: Disentangling the Contributions of Suspended Macroparticles and Ash‐Induced Alkalinization (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Afridi, R., Ibrahim, M., Yaqoob, M., & Ahmad, W. (2026) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.70091 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pereira‐Silva, P. B., Pacheco, D. R., Kirsch, G., Araujo, R. M. G., Oscar, B. V. C., Matias, W. G., Santos, S., & Figueiredo, B. R. S. (2026) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.70178
- Authors
- Cozzolino, L., Nicastro, K. R., McQuaid, C. D., Halldórsson, H. P., Lima, F. P., & Zardi, G. I.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Rhodes University (ZA)
- University of Iceland (IS)
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Cozzolino, Lorenzo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-09
- Volume
- 303
- Pages
- 118829
- ISSN
- 0147-6513 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4413110660
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2
- FWCI
- 0.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UIDB/04326/2020, UID/Multi/04326/2021, UIDP/04326/2020, LA/P/0101/2020)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (SAN22202)
- Office français de la biodiversité
- Erasmus+ (SEP25101, 2024)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Crustacean biology and ecology
- Keywords
- microplastics, phenanthrene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Carcinus maenas, intraspecific genetic diversity, polyethylene microplastics, heart rate, physiological plasticity, interindividual variability, plastic pollution
- MeSH terms
- Microplastics, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brachyura, Phenanthrenes, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Polyethylene
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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