Cited by 68Bipolar Disorder and TreatmentTreatment of Major DepressionNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

Investigating the mechanism(s) underlying switching between states in bipolar disorder

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Young, Jared W., Dulcis, Davide·2015·European Journal of Pharmacology

Abstract

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a unique disorder that transcends domains of function since the same patient can exhibit depression or mania, states with polar opposite mood symptoms. During depression, people feel helplessness, reduced energy, and risk aversion, while with mania behaviors include grandiosity, increased energy, less sleep, and risk preference. The neural mechanism(s) underlying each state are gaining clarity, with catecholaminergic disruption seen during mania, and cholinergic dysfunction during depression. The fact that the same patient cycles/switches between these states is the defining characteristic of BD however. Of greater importance therefore, is the mechanism(s) underlying cycling from one state - and its associated neural changes - to another, considered the 'holy grail' of BD research. Herein, we review studies investigating triggers that induce switching to these states. By identifying such triggers, researchers can study neural mechanisms underlying each state and importantly how such mechanistic changes can occur in the same subject. Current animal models of this switch are also discussed, from submissive- and dominant-behaviors to kindling effects. Focus however, is placed on how seasonal changes can induce manic and depressive states in BD sufferers. Importantly, changing photoperiod lengths can induce local switches in neurotransmitter expression in normal animals, from increased catecholaminergic expression during periods of high activity, to increased somatostatin and corticotrophin releasing factor during periods of low activity. Identifying susceptibilities to this switch would enable the development of targeted animal models. From animal models, targeted treatments could be developed and tested that would minimize the likelihood of switching.

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Authors
Young, J. W., & Dulcis, D.
Affiliations
University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author
  • Young, Jared W.
  • Dulcis, Davide
Venue
European Journal of Pharmacology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-07
Volume
759
Pages
151-162
ISSN
0014-2999 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1985521046
Cited by
68
References
238
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3
FWCI
1.33
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • European Journal of Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • NIH, United States (R01-MH042228, R01-MH071916)
  • Kavli (KIBM-2012-008)
  • Veteran׳s Administration VISN 22 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords
bipolar disorder, state switching, mania, depression, seasonal variation, photoperiod, cholinergic dysfunction, kindling, neurotransmitter expression, somatostatin, corticotropin-releasing factor
MeSH terms
Animals, Behavior, Animal, Bipolar Disorder, Catecholamines, Choline, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Seasons, Species Specificity, Photoperiod

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