Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the soil-plant system: Sorption, root uptake, and translocation
Open accessAbstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous in the environment but pose potential risks to ecosystems and human health. The soil-plant system plays an important role in the bioaccumulation of PFASs. Because most PFASs in the natural environment are anionic and amphiphilic (both lipophilic and hydrophilic), their sorption and accumulation behaviors differ from those of neutral organic and common ionic compounds. In this review, we discuss processes affecting the availability of PFASs in soil after analyzing the potential mechanisms underlying the sorption and uptake of PFASs in the soil-plant system. We also summarize the current knowledge on root uptake and translocation of PFASs in plants. We found that the root concentration factor of PFASs for plants grown in soil was not significantly correlated with hydrophobicity, whereas the translocation factor was significantly and negatively correlated with PFAS hydrophobicity regardless of whether plants were grown hydroponically or in soil. Further research on the cationic, neutral, and zwitterionic forms of diverse PFASs is urgently needed to comprehensively understand the environmental fates of PFASs in the soil-plant system. Additional research directions are suggested, including the development of more accurate models and techniques to evaluate the bioavailability of PFASs, the effects of root exudates and rhizosphere microbiota on the bioavailability and plant uptake of PFASs, and the roles of different plant organelles, lipids, and proteins in the accumulation of PFASs by plants.
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Short-chain PFASs are more water-soluble, less strongly retained, and thus more mobile and more likely to be taken up and translocated by plants.
“In contrast, short-chain PFASs are more water-soluble, less strongly retained, and thus more mobile and more likely to be taken up and translocated by plants [162-164].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [163]
Section 2.1 (page not supplied) reports that soil sorption increases with PFAS chain length, and Section 4.2 reports greater plant translocation for shorter chains. The paper does not directly establish the claimed water-solubility difference, and Section 3.2.2 does not support greater root uptake as a general rule: longer chains had greater root concentration factors in hydroponic studies, while soil-grown plants showed no significant relationship with chain length. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSoil organic carbon content slows PFAS movement by increasing sorption, especially for long-chain PFASs, which bind more strongly to soil and are less mobile.
“Soil organic carbon (SOC) content slows PFAS movement by increasing sorption, especially for long-chain PFASs, which bind more strongly to soil and are less mobile.”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [163]
Long-chain PFASs tend to accumulate in roots, while short-chain PFASs are more readily moved to shoots.
“Plant root uptake and translocation depend on both PFAS properties and plant physiology: long-chain PFASs tend to accumulate in roots, while short-chain PFASs are more readily moved to shoots [163-165].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [163]
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Self-citationCheng, Y., Ding, J., Liang, X., et al. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b06748 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Xu, B., Qiu, W., Du, J., Wan, Z., Zhou, J. L., Chen, H., Liu, R., Magnuson, J. T., & Zheng, C. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104061 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
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Chen, L., Chen, D., Zhou, S., Lin, J., Liu, Y., Huang, X., Lin, Q., Morel, J. L., Ni, Z., Wang, S., et al. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c09226 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Groffen, T., Prinsen, E., Devos Stoffels, O.-A., Maas, L., Vincke, P., Lasters, R., Eens, M., & Bervoets, L. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-23799-8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Strong bioaccumulation of a wide variety of PFAS in a contaminated terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem
Gkika, I. S., Arie Vonk, J., ter Laak, T. L., van Gestel, C. A. M., Dijkstra, J., Groffen, T., Bervoets, L., & Kraak, M. H. S. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109629 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Contamination of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in agricultural soils: A review
Biswas, B., Joseph, A., Parveen, N., Ranjan, V. P., Goel, S., Mandal, J., & Srivastava, P. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124993 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Xu, J., Cui, Q., Ren, H., Liu, S., Liu, Z., Sun, X., Sun, H., Shang, J., & Tan, W. (2024) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175205 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, W., Yuan, S., & Kwon, J.-H. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-21886-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS
Hasan, M., Habib, A., Alam, M., Islam, S., & Halim, E. (2025) · Pollutants · doi:10.3390/pollutants5040043 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Plant root uptake and translocation depend on both PFAS properties and plant physiology: long-chain PFASs tend to accumulate in roots, while short-chain PFASs are more readily moved to shoots [163–165].”
Alam, M. K., Qian, B., Davis, G. B., Donn, M., Kumar, A., Trinchi, A., Kyratzis, I. (., Kirby, J. K., Lan, M., Zhao, H., et al. (2026) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120038 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Weinbauer, H., Mann, O., & Hornek-Gausterer, R. (2025) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180346 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mei, W., Sun, H., Song, M., Jiang, L., Li, Y., Lu, W., Ying, G.-G., Luo, C., & Zhang, G.
- Affiliations
- South China Agricultural University (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- South China Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Lu, Weisheng
- Luo, Chunling
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environment International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-11
- Volume
- 156
- Pages
- 106642
- ISSN
- 0160-4120 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3160076852
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 2.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environment International (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Guangdong Science and Technology Department (2019B121205006, 202020080831100003, 2017BT01Z134)
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (SKLOG2020–4, SKLOG2020)
- Guangdong Provincial Applied Science and Technology Research and Development Program (SKLOG2020-4, 2017BT01Z134, 2019B121205006)
- Guangdong Provincial Pearl River Talents Program (2017BT01Z134)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS bioaccumulation, soil-plant system, soil sorption, root uptake, translocation factor, root concentration factor, hydrophobicity, bioavailability, root exudates, rhizosphere microbiome, plant uptake mechanisms, hydroponics
- MeSH terms
- Fluorocarbons, Humans, Plants, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Ecosystem
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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