Effects of a low severity prescribed fire on water-soluble elements in ash from a cork oak (Quercus suber) forest located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula
Abstract
Wildfire is the major disturbance in Mediterranean forests. Prescribed fire can be an alternative to reduce the amount of fuel and hence decrease the wildfire risk. However the effects of prescribed fire must be studied, especially on ash properties, because ash is an important nutrient source for ecosystem recovery. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of a low severity prescribed fire on water-soluble elements in ash including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), silica (SiO(2)) and total sulphur (TS). A prescribed fire was conducted in a cork oak (Quercus suber) (Q.S) forest located in the northeast part of the Iberian Peninsula. Samples were collected from a flat plot of 40×70m mainly composed of Q.S and Quercus robur (Q.R) trees. In order to understand the effects of the prescribed fire on the soluble elements in ash, we conducted our data analysis on three data groups: all samples, only Q.S samples and only Q.R samples. All three sample groups exhibited a significant increase in pH, EC (p<0.001), water-soluble Ca, Mg, Na, SiO(2) and TS and a decrease in water-soluble Mn, Fe and Zn. Differences were identified between oak species for water-soluble K, Al and Fe. In Q.S samples we registered a significant increase in the first two elements p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively, and a non-significant impact in the third, at p<0.05. In Q.R data we identified a non-significant impact on water-soluble K and Al and a significant decrease in water-soluble Fe (p<0.05). These differences are probably due to vegetation characteristics and burn severity. The fire induced a higher variability in the ash soluble elements, especially in Q.S samples, that at some points burned with higher severity. The increase of pH, EC, Ca, Mg, Na and K will improve soil fertility, mainly in the study area where soils are acidic. The application of this low severity prescribed fire will improve soil nutrient status without causing soil degradation and thus is considered to be a good management strategy.
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Wildfire ash commonly contains base cation oxides and hydroxides that rapidly elevate pH upon dissolution.
“Wildfire ash commonly contains base cation oxides and hydroxides that rapidly elevate pH upon dissolution [15,84].”
From Wildfire Ash Alters Freshwater Crustacean Behavior: Disentangling the Contributions of Suspended Macroparticles and Ash‐Induced Alkalinization (2026) · cites this paper as [84]
B and Na are often found in high concentrations in ash leachates, particularly B in other eucalyptus ash tested.
“These elements are often found in high concentrations in ash leachates (Jung et al. 2009;Pereira et al. 2011), particularly B in other eucalyptus ash tested (Freitas and Rocha 2011).”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Pereira et al. 2011
These results are similar to those found in other studies assessing post-fire runoff and ash leachates in a range of ecosystem types.
“These results are similar to those found in other studies assessing post-fire runoff and ash leachates in a range of ecosystem types (Jung et al. 2009;Pereira et al. 2011) and in agreement with the general concentration trend of alkali (Na, K) .alkaline (Ca, Mg) .. heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Hg) found by Santı ´n et al. (2015) in eucalypt forest ash.”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Pereira et al. 2011
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Wildland fire ash: Production, composition and eco-hydro-geomorphic effects
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Pereira‐Silva, P. B., Pacheco, D. R., Kirsch, G., Araujo, R. M. G., Oscar, B. V. C., Matias, W. G., Santos, S., & Figueiredo, B. R. S. (2026) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.70178
- Authors
- Pereira, P., Úbeda, X., Martin, D., Mataix-Solera, J., & Guerrero, C.
- Affiliations
- Mykolas Romeris University (LT)
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- United States Geological Survey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pereira, Paulo
- Venue
- Environmental Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 237-247
- ISSN
- 0013-9351 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2034257302
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (CGL2006-11107-C02-02/BOS)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Environmental and biological studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Keywords
- prescribed burning, fire ash, cork oak forests, Quercus suber, Quercus robur, soil fertility, soil nutrients, burn severity, wildfire risk reduction, Mediterranean forests, soil pH, electrical conductivity
- MeSH terms
- Calcium, Conservation of Natural Resources, Electric Conductivity, Environmental Monitoring, Fires, Hot Temperature, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Magnesium, Potassium, Silicon Dioxide, Sodium, Soil Pollutants, Solubility, Spain, Trace Elements, Trees, Volatilization, Metals, Heavy, Quercus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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