Wood ash use in forestry – a review of the environmental impacts.
Abstract
The use of wood fuel for energy production in the UK is set to increase in the near future as part of a government commitment to increase renewable sources to 10 per cent by 2010. The ash generated as a by-product of combustion, whether for heat or power generation, has potential use as a fertilizer in forest systems. This review assesses the available information on factors affecting the quality of the ash and environmental implications arising from its application. The key determinants of wood ash chemistry are the tree species combusted, the nature of the burn process and the conditions at the application site. Wood ash from hardwood species produces higher levels of macronutrients in their ash than conifers, and the silica content is frequently lower. A furnace temperature between 500 and 900°C is critical to the retention of nutrients, particularly potassium, and determines the concentrations of potentially toxic metals including aluminium in the ash. Fly ash, the lightest component that accumulates in the flue system, can contain high concentrations of cadmium, copper, chromium, lead and arsenic and this ash should not be used as fertilizer. The form of the ash at application is important, with loose ash releasing Ca, K and Na more rapidly than granulated ash. Heavy metal, radionuclide and dioxin contamination of wood ash-based fertilizers is minimal and unlikely to affect ecosystem function. The effects of wood ash are primarily governed by application rate and soil type. The benefits are maximized at low dose rates, with possible toxicity from applications in excess of 10 t ha-1. For most forest sites, a single wood ash application per rotation could replace all the nutrients lost after whole-tree harvesting (excepting N). Long-lasting positive effects on tree growth have been observed on shallow peats, in which the humus is slowly mineralized in response to elevated pH and increased nutrient availability. In contrast, wood ash application to podzols is only effective in enhancing tree growth when nitrogen availability is non-limiting. To date, published research of wood ash effects on trees growing in clays and loams is minimal. A lag time for positive tree responses to wood ash application is often observed, and may be the result of phosphorous limitation at higher soil pH. The greatest reported adverse ecological effects are to acidophilic ecosystems, particularly the constituent bryophyte, soil bacteria and ectomycorrhizal communities.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Fire dynamics (e.g. burn temperature) and soil properties are important features in the composition of elements within ash.
“Fire dynamics (e.g.burn temperature) and soil properties are also important features in the composition of elements within ash (Pitman 2006;Bodı ´et al. 2014;Chen et al. 2018).”
From Chemical composition of wildfire ash produced in contrasting ecosystems and its toxicity to Daphnia magna (2019) · cites this paper as Pitman 2006
Cites
Alloway, B. J. (1990) · Cited by 3,845 · see citing works
Giulio, R. T. D., & Hinton, D. E. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203647295-26 · Cited by 1,115 · see citing works
(1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Physical and chemical characteristics of wood ash
Etiégni, L., & Campbell, A. G. (1991) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/0960-8524(91)90207-z · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Wood ash composition as a function of furnace temperature
Misra, M. K., Ragland, K. W., & Baker, A. J. (1993) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/0961-9534(93)90032-y · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Long-term depletion of calcium and other nutrients in eastern US forests
Federer, C. A., Hornbeck, J. W., Tritton, L. M., et al. (1989) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/bf01874965 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Soil geochemical atlas of England and Wales
McGrath, S. P., & Loveland, P. J. (1992) · Rothamsted Repository (Rothamsted Repository) · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Mycorrhizal weathering: A true case of mineral plant nutrition?
van Breemen, N., Finlay, R. D., Lundström, U. S., Jongmans, A. G., Giesler, R., & Olsson, M. T. (2000) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1023/a:1006256231670 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the British environment: Sinks, sources and temporal trends
Harrad, S. J., Sewart, A. P., Alcock, R. E., Boumphrey, R., Burnett, V., Duarte‐Davidson, R., Halsall, C. J., Sanders, G., Waterhouse, K. S., Wild, S. R., et al. (1994) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/0269-7491(94)90079-5 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Growth rate and response of bacterial communities to pH in limed and ash treated forest soils
Bååth, E., & Arnebrant, K. (1994) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0038-0717(94)90114-7 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest
Werkelin, J., Skrifvars, B., & Hupa, M. M. (2005) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.06.005 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Land Application of Wood‐Fired and Combination Boiler Ashes: An Overview
Vance, E. D. (1996) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500050002x · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Fritze, H., Smolander, A., Levula, T., Kitunen, V., & M�lk�nen, E. (1994) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/bf00418673 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Bunzl, K. W., & Kracke, W. (1988) · Journal of Environmental Radioactivity · doi:10.1016/0265-931x(88)90010-0 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Recycling and disposing of wood ash
Campbell, A. G. (1990) · TAPPI Journal · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Soil respiration and microbial properties in an acid forest soil: effects of wood ash
Zimmermann, S., & Frey, B. (2002) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0038-0717(02)00160-8 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Effects of wood ash fertilization on forest soil chemical properties
Saarsalmi, A., Mälkönen, E., & Piirainen, S. (2001) · Silva Fennica · doi:10.14214/sf.590 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Nutrient Uptake and Cycling in Forest Ecosystems
Nilsson, L. O., Hüttl, R. F., & Johansson, U. T. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0455-5 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Wood and Combination Wood‐Fired Boiler Ash Characterization
Someshwar, A. V. (1996) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500050006x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Wood ash effects on plant and soil in a willow bioenergy plantation
Park, B. B., Yanai, R. D., Sahm, J. M., Lee, D. K., & Abrahamson, L. P. (2004) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.09.001 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Huettl, R. F., & Zoettl, H. W. (1993) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/0378-1127(93)90209-6 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
A Chronology of Nitrogen Deposition in the UK Between 1900 and 2000
Fowler, D., O’Donoghue, M., Müller-Williams, J., SMITH, R. I., Dragosits, U., Skiba, U., Sutton, M. A., & Brimblecombe, P. (2004) · Water Air and Soil Pollution Focus · doi:10.1007/s11267-004-3009-1 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Moilanen, M., Silfverberg, K., & Hokkanen, T. J. (2002) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00789-7 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Paper Mill Boiler Ash and Lime By‐Products as Soil Liming Materials
Muse, J. K., & Mitchell, C. C. (1995) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700030008x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Biological Effects of Wood Ash Application to Forest and Aquatic Ecosystems
Aronsson, K. A., & Ekelund, N. (2004) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2004.1595 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The importance of conifer plantations in northern Britain as a habitat for native fungi
Humphrey, J. W., Newton, A., Peace, A. J., et al. (2000) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00077-x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Bramryd, T., & Fransman, B. (1995) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/bf00476967 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Threshold Application Rates of Wood Ash to an Acidic Forest Soil
Kahl, J. S., Fernandez, I. J., Rustad, L. E., et al. (1996) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500020003x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Lundström, U. S., Bain, D. C., Taylor, A. F. S., et al. (2003) · Water Air and Soil Pollution Focus · doi:10.1023/a:1024115111377 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Application of lime and wood ash to decrease acidification of forest soils
Meiwes, K. J. (1995) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/bf00483696 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Jacobson, S. (2003) · Silva Fennica · doi:10.14214/sf.483 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Saarsalmi, A., Mälkönen, E., & Kukkola, M. (2004) · Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1080/02827580410024124 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Etiégni, L., Campbell, A. G., & Mahler, R. L. (1991) · Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis · doi:10.1080/00103629109368412 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Neutralization of Soil Acidity and Release of Phosphorus and Potassium by Wood Ash
Ohno, T. (1992) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq1992.00472425002100030022x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Effect of Cd-containing wood ash on the microflora of coniferous forest humus
Fritze, H., Perkiömäki, J., Saarela, U., et al. (2000) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2000.tb00697.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Fine-root vitality in a Norway spruce stand subjected to various nutrient supplies
Clemensson-Lindell, A., & Persson, H. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0455-5_18 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Nieminen, M., Piirainen, S., & Moilanen, M. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1080/02827580510008293 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The importance of conifer plantations in northern Britain as a habitat for native fungi
Eh, M., Branch, C., & Lodge, A. H. (2000) · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ectomycorrhizal community structure in a limed spruce forest
Jonsson, T., Kokalj, S., Finlay, R. D., et al. (1999) · Mycological Research · doi:10.1017/s0953756298007461 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Levula, T., Saarsalmi, A., & Rantavaara, A. H. (2000) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(99)00110-3 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Short-term effects of granulated wood ash on forest soil chemistry in SW and NE Sweden
Eriksson, H. M. (1998) · Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Agricultural use of wood ash as a fertilizer and liming material
Naylor, L. M., & Schmidt, E. J. (1986) · TAPPI Journal · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Ferm, A., Hokkanen, T. J., Moilanen, M., et al. (1992) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/bf00029082 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Stevens, P. A., Norris, D., Williams, T. G., et al. (1995) · Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1093/forestry/68.2.115 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Agronomic Effectiveness of Wood Ash as a Source of Phosphorus and Potassium
Erich, M. S. (1991) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq1991.00472425002000030012x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Behaviour of radiocaesium in forest multilayered soils
Thiry, Y., & Myttenaere, C. (1993) · Journal of Environmental Radioactivity · doi:10.1016/0265-931x(93)90030-b · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Smith, K. A., & Paterson, J. E. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1344-1_10 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Microbial activities in a histosol: Effects of wood ash and NPK fertilizers
Weber, A., Karsisto, M., Leppänen, R., et al. (1985) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0038-0717(85)90063-x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Granulated wood ash and a ‘N-free’ fertilizer to a forest soil—effects on P availability
Clarholm, M. (1994) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/0378-1127(94)90152-x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Dynamics of some mineral nutrients and heavy metals in decomposing forest litter
Laskowski, R., & Berg, B. (1993) · Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1080/02827589309382791 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Biomechanical Pulping With White-Rot Fungi
Setliff, E. C., Marton, R., Granzow, S. G., et al. (1990) · TAPPI Journal · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Effects on ground vegetation of the application of wood ash to a Swedish Scots pine stand
Jacobson, S., & Gustafsson, L. (2001) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1078/1439-1791-00050 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Evaluation of Beneficial Use of Wood‐Fired Boiler Ash on Oat and Bean Growth
Krejsl, J. A., & Scanlon, T. M. (1996) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500050004x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in different forest humus types
Pichler, M., Guggenberger, G., Hartmann, R., et al. (1996) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/bf02986810 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Effects of Wood Ash Dose and Formulation on Soil Chemistry at Two Coniferous Forest Sites
Jacobson, S., Högbom, L., Ring, E., et al. (2004) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1023/b:wate.0000044834.18338.a0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Long term leaching of stabilised wood ash
Steenari, B., Marsic, N., Karlsson, L.-G., Tomsic, A., & Lindqvist, O. (1998) · Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cheremisinoff, N. P. (1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Phosphorus availability to corn from wood ash-amended soils
Erich, M. S., & Ohno, T. (1992) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/bf00483357 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The radial distribution of 90Sr and 137Cs in trees
Momoshima, N., & Bondietti, E. A. (1994) · Journal of Environmental Radioactivity · doi:10.1016/0265-931x(94)90016-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Water chemistry in forested catchments after topsoil treatment with liming agents in South Sweden
Fransman, B., & Nihlg�rd, B. (1995) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/bf00476943 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Wood Ash as Soil Liming Material
Lerner, B. R., & Utzinger, J. D. (1986) · HortScience · doi:10.21273/hortsci.21.1.76 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Needle chemistry in young Norway spruce stands after application of crushed wood ash
Arvidsson, H., & Lundkvist, H. (2002) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1023/a:1014252521538 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Bundt, M., Krauss, M., Blaser, P., & Wilcke, W. (2001) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2001.3041296x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Deposition of acidifying substances in Sweden
Gun, L., Kindbom, K., & Hultberg, H. (1995) · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Use of fungal technology in soil remediation: A Case Study
Šašek, V., Cajthaml, T., & Bhatt, M. (2003) · Water Air and Soil Pollution Focus · doi:10.1023/a:1023990020199 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Schimmack, W., Bunzl, K. W., Dietl, F., et al. (1994) · Journal of Environmental Radioactivity · doi:10.1016/0265-931x(94)90024-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Effects of crushed wood ash application on ground vegetation in young Norway spruce stands
Arvidsson, H., Vestin, T., & Lundkvist, H. (2002) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00482-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The short-term effects of wood-ash amendment on forest soils
Unger, Y. L., & Fernandez, I. J. (1990) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/bf00507070 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Taylor, A., & Finlay, R. D. (2003) · Water Air and Soil Pollution Focus · doi:10.1023/a:1024171329124 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Forest Soil and Water Chemistry following Bark Boiler Bottom Ash Application
Williams, T. M., Hollis, C. A., & Smith, B. R. (1996) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500050005x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effect of dolomite lime and wood ash on peat substrate and development of tree seedlings.
Rikala, R., & Jozefek, H. (1990) · Silva Fennica · doi:10.14214/sf.a15586 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Perkiömäki, J., Kiikkilä, O., Moilanen, M., et al. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x03-169 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wood/sludge ash effects on white spruce seedling growth
Staples, T. E., & Rees, K. C. J. V. (2001) · Canadian Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.4141/s00-014 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mahmood, S., Finlay, R. D., Wallander, H., et al. (2002) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00462-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Impact of Lime and Ash Applications on Soil Solution Chemistry of an Acidified Podzolic Soil
Geibe, C. E., Holmström, S. J. M., Hees, P. A. W. V., et al. (2003) · Water Air and Soil Pollution Focus · doi:10.1023/a:1024123413194 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Pohlandt, K., & MARUTZKY, R. (1994) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/0045-6535(94)90075-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wood for energy production. Technology - environment - economy
Serup, H., Falster, H., & Gamborg, C. (1999) · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Saarsalmi, A., Derome, J., & Levula, T. (2005) · Jukuri (Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)) · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Effects of acidification and liming on soil biology.
Persson, T. (1988) · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The effects of alkalizing compounds on fine‐root growth in a Norway spruce stand in Southwest Sweden
Persson, H. Å., & Ahlström, K. (1994) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10934529409376073 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Carbonation of Wood Ash Recycled to a Forest Soil as Measured by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
Ohlsson, K. E. A. (2000) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2000.6462155x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
RETENTION AND RELEASE OF COPPER AND ZINC BY SOME INDIAN SOILS
MISRA, S. G., & Tiwari, R. C. (1966) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/00010694-196606000-00008 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ravila, A., & Holm, E. (1996) · Journal of Environmental Radioactivity · doi:10.1016/0265-931x(95)00086-p · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Radiocaesium in natural systems — A UK coordinated study
Special, E. R. (1993) · Journal of Environmental Radioactivity · doi:10.1016/0265-931x(93)90076-j · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effects of drainage and wood ash fertilization on water chemistry at a cutover peatland
Nilsson, T., & Lundin, L. (1996) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/bf00013678 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Jäppinen, J.-P., & Hotanen, J. (1990) · Annales Botanici Fennici · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effects of fertilization on forest flora and vegetation
Kellner, O. (1993) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A conceptual model of spatially heterogeneous nitrogen leaching from a welsh moorland catchment
Evans, C., Reynolds, B., Curtis, C. J., et al. (2005) · Water Air and Soil Pollution Focus · doi:10.1007/s11267-005-3019-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pools and Fluxes of Cations, Anions and Doc in Two Forest Soils Treated With Lime and Ash
van Hees, P. A. W., Nyberg, L., Holmström, S. J. M., et al. (2003) · Water Air and Soil Pollution Focus · doi:10.1023/a:1024179530941 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Developing systems for integrating bioenergy into environmentally sustainable forestry
Lowe, A. T., & Smith, C. T. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Atmospheric Budget of Non-Seasalt Chlorine in the Kanto District, Japan
Takahashi, A., Fukuda, K., Tsuji, K., et al. (2003) · Water Air and Soil Pollution Focus · doi:10.1023/a:1026096910608 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ash data from combustion sources: Results of Tier 4 of the National Dioxin Study
Kuykendal, W. B., Lamason, W. H., Miles, A. J., et al. (1989) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/0045-6535(89)90259-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lumme, I., & Laiho, O. (1988) · Jukuri (Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Speciation of 137Cs and 90Sr in discharges from the pulp industry and the marine recipient
Krosshavn, M., Bjørnstad, H. E., Engh, L., et al. (1996) · Journal of Environmental Radioactivity · doi:10.1016/0265-931x(95)00087-q · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Spreader Performance Evaluation for Forest Land Application of Wood and Fly Ash
Wilhoit, J. H., & Ling, Q. (1996) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500050003x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Preliminary modelling and mapping of critical loads forcadmium and lead in Europa
J-P, H., Slootweg, J. C., Posch, M., et al. (2004) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kernan, M., Hughes, M. P., Hornby, D. D., et al. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0952-2_8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Puuntuhkan pitkäaikaisvaikutukset ojitetulla mesotrofisella kalvakkanevalla Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla.
Silfverberg, K., & Hotanen, J. (1989) · Jukuri (Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tuhkalannoituksen vaikutukset metsämarjoihin.
Silfverberg, K., & Issakainen, J. (1991) · Jukuri (Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hale, S. E., Alling, V., Martinsen, V., Mulder, J., Breedveld, G. D., & Cornelissen, G. (2013) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.057 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Cambero, C., & Sowlati, T. (2014) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.041 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Biochar’s role as an alternative N-fertilizer: Ammonia capture
Spokas, K. A., Novak, J. M., & Venterea, R. T. (2012) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0930-8 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Accelerated carbonation treatment of industrial wastes
Gunning, P. J., Hills, C. D., & Carey, P. J. (2010) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.005 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Mäkipää, R., Abramoff, R., Adamczyk, B., Baldy, V., Biryol, C., Bosela, M., Casals, P., Curiel Yuste, J., Dondini, M., Filipek, S., et al. (2023) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120637 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Campos, I., Abrantes, N., Keizer, J. J., Vale, C., & Pereira, P. (2016) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.190 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Production of lightweight aggregate from industrial waste and carbon dioxide
Gunning, P. J., Hills, C. D., & Carey, P. J. (2009) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.05.021 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Impact of Biochar on Earthworm Populations: A Review
Weyers, S. L., & Spokas, K. A. (2011) · Applied and Environmental Soil Science · doi:10.1155/2011/541592 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Pereira, P., Úbeda, X., Martin, D., Mataix-Solera, J., & Guerrero, C. (2011) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2010.09.002 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Harper, A. R., Santin, C., Doerr, S. H., Froyd, C. A., Albini, D., Otero, X. L., Viñas, L., & Pérez-Fernández, B. (2019) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf18200 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Toxicity assessment of aqueous extracts of ash from forest fires
Silva, V., Pereira, J. L., Campos, I., Keizer, J. J., Gonçalves, F., & Abrantes, N. (2015) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2014.06.021 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Ye, Z., Zhang, L., Huang, Q., & Tan, Z. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118085 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Resource evaluation of typical energy plants and possible functional zone planning in China
Shao, H., & Chu, L. (2008) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.10.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Composition of Particulate Matter During a Wildfire Smoke Episode in an Urban Area
Sparks, T. L., & Wagner, J. (2021) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2021.1895429 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Costa, M. R., Calvão, A. R., & Aranha, J. (2014) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.09.009 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Fate of trace elements during the combustion of phytoremediation wood
Chalot, M., Blaudez, D., Rogaume, Y., Provent, A.-S., & Pascual, C. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es3017478 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Novel Miscanthus Germplasm-Based Value Chains: A Life Cycle Assessment
Wagner, M., Kiesel, A., Hastings, A., Iqbal, Y., & Lewandowski, I. (2017) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00990 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Life cycle assessment of a biomass CHP plant in UK: The Heathrow energy centre case
Tagliaferri, C., Evangelisti, S., Clift, R., & Lettieri, P. (2018) · Chemical Engineering Research and Design · doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2018.03.022 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ingerslev, M., Hansen, M., Pedersen, L. B., & Skov, S. (2014) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.08.034 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Is wood ash amendment a suitable mitigation strategy for N2O emissions from soil?
Bornø, M. L., Rønn, R., & Ekelund, F. (2020) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136581 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Abrantes, N., Campos, I., Junior, C., Coelho, C., & Keizer, J. J. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138097 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Pitman, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Forest Research (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pitman, R. M.
- Venue
- Forestry
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-11-01
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 563-588
- ISSN
- 0015-752X (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3626
- OpenAlex
- W2115483081
- Cited by
- 447
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 5.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Waste Management and Environmental Impact
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Keywords
- wood ash, forest fertilization, fly ash, heavy metals, potassium retention, furnace temperature, tree species, soil pH, peat soils, podzol soil, tree growth, bryophytes, ectomycorrhizal fungi, soil bacteria, phosphorus limitation, renewable energy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
