Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events

Black, Richard; Arnell, Nigel W.; Adger, W. Neil; Thomas, David; Geddes, Andrew

doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2012.09.001

Cited by 519Climate Change, Adaptation, MigrationClimate Change Communication and PerceptionHydropower, Displacement, Environmental Impact

Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events

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Black, Richard, Arnell, Nigel W., Adger, W. Neil, Thomas, David, Geddes, Andrew·2013·Environmental Science & Policy

DOI 10.1016/j.envsci.2012.09.001

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Capability to move is positively associated with socio-economic status, education, and male gender in contexts where strong social gender norms prevail.
“For instance, capability may be positively associated with socio-economic status (Afifi et al. 2016; Black et al. 2013; Mallick and Mallick 2021), education (Rofi et al. 2006; Schewel and Fransen 2022), or—in contexts where strong social gender norms prevail—male gender (Akter et al. 2019; Mata-Codesal 2015; Pedraza 1991; Tripathy Furlong et al. 2022).”
From Trapped by climate change? (In)voluntary immobility in Bangladesh (2025) · cites this paper as Black et al. 2013
Conflict-related destruction may erode people's ability to use mobility as a coping mechanism.
“However, similarly to how disasters sometimes curb migration (42), conflict-related destruction also may erode people's ability to use mobility as a coping mechanism.”
From Vicious Circles: Violence, Vulnerability, and Climate Change (2021) · cites this paper as [42]

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“…but these methods were not clearly or sufficiently articulated in the papers to validate or support inclusion (Mills 2009; Poyar and Beller-Simms 2010; Preet et al. 2010; Huang et al. 2011; Hunt and Watkiss 2011; Clarke and Berry 2012; Black et al. 2013; Sharmina et al. 2013; Wamsler et al. 2013).”
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“Because it can reduce the resources needed to move, climate change may also result in immobility (Findley 1994; Black et al. 2013).”
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“Reconstruction activities may improve economic opportunities so that post-disaster recovery efforts may fuel not only return migration (Black et al. 2013) but also in-migration by other poor people from more distant areas (Klose 2011).”
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“This pathway comes with the caveat that some households may otherwise be trapped for a lack of resources to relocate (de Sherbinin et al 2011, Black et al 2013) or becauseof outstandingmortgage liabilities (Bricker and Bucks 2016).”
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“…only because of the multi-faceted nature of the phenomenon, but also because people who are more vulnerable to extreme weather events or climate variability could also be the least likely to migrate, due to social, economic and political constraints (Black et al., 2013; McLeman and Hunter, 2010).”
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“This may include short-term displacement to shelters, long-distance migration, but also ruralurban mobility or circular mobility (e.g. De Bruijn and Van Dijk 2003; Foresight 2011; Black et al. 2013; Zickgraf et al. 2016; Dun et al. 2020; Boas 2020; Peth and Sakdapolrak 2020; Blondin 2021).”
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“However, similarly to how disasters sometimes curb migration (42), conflict-related destruction also may erode people’s ability to use mobility as a coping mechanism.”
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“The analysis also highlights that low mobility is critical— that populations may be, in effect, trapped in places where environmental risks are increasing (Black et al 2013).”
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“…that some people and groups are as likely to become stuck in place with worsening climate change as they are to be uprooted and forced to resettle (Black et al. 2013), but debates persist over the possibility of identifying trapped populations in practice, in part because the term’s normative…”
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Authors: Black, R., Arnell, N. W., Adger, W. N., Thomas, D., & Geddes, A.
Affiliations: University of Sussex (GB)
University of Reading (GB)
University of Exeter (GB)
University of Oxford (GB)
University of Sheffield (GB)
Corresponding author: Black, Richard
ORCID: Black, Richard
Arnell, Nigel W.
Adger, W. Neil
Thomas, David
Venue: Environmental Science & Policy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-03
Volume: 27
Pages: S32-S43
ISSN: 1462-9011 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2012.09.001
OpenAlex: W2049692286
Cited by: 519
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 41.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
soas-repository.worktribe.com
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Environmental Science & Policy (publishedVersion)
SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Government of the United Kingdom
Office of Science
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Hydropower, Displacement, Environmental Impact
Keywords: environmental migration, displacement, immobility, extreme weather events, climate change adaptation, population vulnerability, climate-induced displacement, global change

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Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events

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