Psychoeducational groups for adults with ADHD and their significant others (PEGASUS): A pragmatic multicenter and randomized controlled trial
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Objective: To examine the feasibility, efficacy, and effectiveness of PEGASUS, a group-based structured psychoeducation for adults with ADHD and their significant others. Method: A pragmatic parallel group add-on design multicenter randomized controlled trial was conducted, comparing an 8-session treatment with PEGASUS (allocated n = 97; 48 with ADHD and 49 with significant others) to treatment as usual (TAU, allocated n = 82; 39 with ADHD and 43 significant others). Participants (individuals with ADHD and significant others) were recruited from five psychiatric outpatient departments and block randomized to PEGASUS or TAU. Knowledge about ADHD was measured using the ADHD 20 scale pre- and post-intervention and served as primary outcome. Results: Knowledge about ADHD ( d = 0.97 [95% CI: 0.61–1.31]) increased following PEGASUS participation compared to TAU. Improvements were also observed in secondary outcomes e.g. global life satisfaction ( d = 0.25 [95% CI: from –0.09 to 0.59]). Overall treatment satisfaction was good. Over 90% of the participants completed the program. Post-intervention data was obtained from n = 89 in PEGASUS group and n = 70 in TAU group and analyses were conducted per protocol. No important adverse effects or side effects were observed. Conclusions: Group-based structured psychoeducation PEGASUS for adults with ADHD and their significant others is a feasible, efficacious, and effective treatment option to increase ADHD knowledge and general life satisfaction in psychiatric outpatient care.
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A trial of psychoeducation for individuals with ADHD and their significant others observed a trend toward reductions in burden of care, emotional overinvolvement, and perceived criticism.
“A trial of psychoeducation for individuals with ADHD and their significant others observed a trend toward reductions in burden of care, emotional overinvolvement, and perceived criticism (Hirvikoski et al. 2017).”
From “I Felt Like a Burden”: An Exploration Into the Experience of Romantic Relationships for People With ADHD (2026) · cites this paper as Hirvikoski et al. 2017
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Salvo, G. D., Filippo, L., Perotti, C., Pellegrini, L., Rosso, G., & Maina, G. (2025) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2025.2517050
Chamorro, A. C. C., & Ortiz, G. G. R. (2025) · Religación · doi:10.46652/rgn.v11i49.1582
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26074291
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26736981
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26736987
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Non-Pharmaceutical Psychological Interventions for Adult ADHD: A Comparative Literature Review
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- Authors
- Hirvikoski, T., Lindström, T., Carlsson, J., Waaler, E., Jokinen, J., & Bölte, S.
- Affiliations
- Region Stockholm (SE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Hirvikoski, T.
- Venue
- European Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 44
- Pages
- 141-152
- ISSN
- 0924-9338 (ISSN-L)
- 1778-3585
- OpenAlex
- W2613409828
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND) (K2009-61P-21304-04-4)
- Center for Psychiatry Research (CPF) (K2009-61X-21305-01-1)
- Swedish research council (523-2009-7054)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, psychoeducation, group psychoeducation, significant others, family caregivers, ADHD knowledge, life satisfaction, treatment satisfaction, outpatient psychiatric care, Pegasus
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Male, Patient Education as Topic, Psychotherapy, Group, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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