Supercritical CO2 extraction of γ-linolenic acid and other lipids from Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima: Comparison with organic solvent extraction
Abstract
Freeze-dried biomass of Arthrospira maxima Setchell & Gardner was submitted to supercritical CO2 extraction using a flow type apparatus at a temperature of 50 °C and a pressure of 250 bar. To increase the yield in either lipids or GLA (γ-linolenic acid), which is mostly contained in the glycolipid fractions, a polar co-solvent (ethanol) was added to the CO2 and the corresponding supercritical fluid extraction was carried out at temperatures of 50 and 60 °C and at 250 and 350 bar. The use of the co-solvent increased both lipid and GLA yields relative to the extraction with pure CO2. On the other hand, the increase of pressure and temperature also had a positive effect on the extraction of GLA. Supercritical extraction was compared with organic solvent extraction, regarding lipid yields, fatty acid composition of total lipids and lipid classes, as well as the distribution of lipids by their classes (neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids).
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Supercritical fluid extraction has recently been applied for extraction of biologically active products from microalgae under laboratory conditions.
“Supercritical fluid extraction is an advanced technique that has recently been applied for extraction of biologically active products from microalgae under laboratory conditions [26,27,28,29,30].”
Introducing ethanol as a co-solvent increased the partitioning of GLA into the galactolipids fraction.
“Our results were similar to those reported by Sajilata et al. [27] and Mendes et al. [29], in which introducing ethanol as a co-solvent increased the partitioning of GLA into the galactolipids fraction.”
Previous studies on operational variables left GLA extraction efficiency relatively low (25-78%).
“Previous studies addressed the effect of operational variables (e.g., temperature, pressure, CO2, and co-solvent consumption) on extraction efficiency of GLA [27,28,29,30,32,33,34], but the extraction efficiency remained relatively low (25–78%).”
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- Authors
- Mendes, R. L., Reis, A. D., & Palavra, A. F.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Engineering, Technology and Innovation (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Mendes, Rui L.
- Venue
- Food Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 57-63
- ISSN
- 0308-8146 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2066289462
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Food Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Keywords
- supercritical CO2 extraction, gamma-linolenic acid, Arthrospira maxima, Spirulina, microalgal lipids, ethanol co-solvent, organic solvent extraction, extraction yield, fatty acid composition, lipid classes, glycolipids, phospholipids, neutral lipids, extraction pressure and temperature
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