Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Molecules of Interest from Microalgae and Seaweeds
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to guide lectors in the extraction of algal (microalgae and seaweeds) compounds using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) from dry biomass. It proposes a review of ∼30 articles dealing with the SC-CO 2 extraction of molecules of interest from microalgae and seaweeds. Among these papers, ∼20 are devoted to microalgae. The most extracted compounds are neutral lipids and antioxidants. Several operating conditions have been tested: pressures from 7.8 to 70 MPa, temperatures from 313.15 to 349.15 K, and CO 2 /algae mass ratio from 6 to 500. All extraction studies were performed at laboratory scale, with the masses of dry algae powder never exceeding 180 g. Extraction yields vary significantly with operating conditions: pressure seems to be the most influential parameter. The higher the pressure, the higher the yields and/or the faster the extraction kinetics. Temperature also has an influence, but its effect is dependent on pressure (retrograde behavior). Moreover, as expected, it is advised to work with a high CO 2 /algae mass ratio. From these works, it appears that, to perform an efficient extraction with SC–CO 2, the influence of the algae pretreatment is highly significant. The first step is a centrifugation. The resulting concentrated algal suspension must then undergo a drying operation, which is generally freeze-drying or low-temperature drying. Finally, the algae are crushed. Concerning the influence of crushing, the reported results show that, as expected, the smaller the particles, the more rapid the extraction kinetics and/or the higher the yields.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
As pressure increases, extraction yield increases due to increased density and solvating power of SC-CO2.
“As the pressure increases, the extraction yield also increases [40] due to increased density and solvating power of SC-CO2 [41].”
From Overview on the Application of Modern Methods for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Macroalgae (2018) · cites this paper as [40]
Influence of temperature on extraction yield is complex; retrograde behavior occurs: increase in temperature at low pressure has negative effect, positive at high pressure.
“On the other hand, the influence of temperature on the extraction yield is more complex. Therefore, retrograde behavior occurs, meaning that an increase in temperature at low pressure exhibited a negative effect on the extraction yield and a positive effect at high pressure [40].”
From Overview on the Application of Modern Methods for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Macroalgae (2018) · cites this paper as [40]
Cites
A RAPID METHOD OF TOTAL LIPID EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION
Bligh, E. G., & Dyer, W. J. (1959) · Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1139/o59-099 · Cited by 54,751 · see citing works
A RAPID METHOD OF TOTAL LIPID EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION
Bligh, E. G., & Dyer, W. J. (1959) · Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1139/y59-099 · Cited by 23,189 · see citing works
Chisti, Y. (2007) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001 · Cited by 9,524 · see citing works
Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals
Demirbaş, A. (2001) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/s0196-8904(00)00137-0 · Cited by 1,874 · see citing works
Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil
Miao, X., & Wu, Q. (2006) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.04.008 · Cited by 1,358 · see citing works
HERRERO, M., CIFUENTES, A., & IBANEZ, E. (2006) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.058 · Cited by 1,212 · see citing works
Xu, H., Miao, X., & Wu, Q. (2006) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.05.002 · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
Miao, X., & Wu, Q. (2004) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.01.013 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Fast pyrolysis of microalgae to produce renewable fuels
Miao, X., Wu, Q., & Yang, C. (2004) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2003.11.004 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
In the search of new functional food ingredients from algae
Plaza, M., Cifuentes, A., & Ibáñez, E. (2007) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2007.07.012 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Oil production from algal cells of Dunaliella tertiolecta by direct thermochemical liquefaction
Minowa, T., Yokoyama, S., Kishimoto, M., & Okakura, T. (1995) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/0016-2361(95)80001-x · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Microalgae for the production of bulk chemicals and biofuels
Wijffels, R. H., Barbosa, M. J., & Eppink, M. H. M. (2010) · Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining · doi:10.1002/bbb.215 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
C-Phycocyanin: A potent peroxyl radical scavenger in Vivo and in Vitro
Bhat, V. B., & Madyastha, K. M. (2000) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.3270 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Antioxidant activity of different fractions of Spirulina platensis protean extract
Piñero Estrada, J. (2001) · Il Farmaco · doi:10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01084-9 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of compounds with pharmaceutical importance from microalgae
Mendes, R. L., Nobre, B. P., Cardoso, M. T., Pereira, A. P., & Palavra, A. F. (2003) · Inorganica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0020-1693(03)00363-3 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Recovery of liquid fuel from hydrocarbon-rich microalgae by thermochemical liquefaction
Dote, Y., Sawayama, S., Inoue, S., Minowa, T., & Yokoyama, S.-Y. (1994) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/0016-2361(94)90211-9 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis
Reddy, C. M., Bhat, V. B., Kiranmai, G., Reddy, M. N., Reddanna, P., & Madyastha, K. M. (2000) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.3725 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds
Martínez, J. L. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420006513 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Use of compressed fluids for sample preparation: Food applications
Mendiola, J. A., Herrero, M., Cifuentes, A., & Ibáñez, E. (2007) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.046 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Fatty Acid Composition of Chlorella and Spirulina Microalgae Species
Ötleş, S., & Pire, R. (2001) · Journal of AOAC International · doi:10.1093/jaoac/84.6.1708 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Supercritical fluid technology in oil and lipid chemistry
King, J. W., & List, G. R. (1996) · AOCS Press eBooks · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Aresta, M., Dibenedetto, A., & Barberio, G. (2005) · Fuel Processing Technology · doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2005.01.016 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Aresta, M., Dibenedetto, A., Carone, M., Colonna, T., & Fragale, C. (2005) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-005-0020-3 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Krichnavaruk, S., Shotipruk, A., Goto, M., & Pavasant, P. (2008) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.10.049 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Supercritical CO2 extraction of carotenoids and other lipids from Chlorella vulgaris
Mendes, R. L., Fernandes, H. L., Coelho, J. P., Reis, E. C., Cabral, J. M. S., Novais, J. M., & Palavra, A. M. F. (1995) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/0308-8146(95)95794-7 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
CO2 fixation and oil production through microalga
Sawayama, S., Inoue, S., Dote, Y., & Yokoyama, S. (1995) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/0196-8904(95)00108-p · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Machmudah, S., Shotipruk, A., Goto, M., Sasaki, M., & Hirose, T. (2006) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/ie051357k · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Nobre, B. P., Marcelo, F., Passos, R., Beirão, L. H., Palavra, A. M. F., Gouveia, L., & Mendes, R. L. (2006) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/s00217-006-0270-8 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
SUPAMATTAYA, K., Kiriratnikom, S., Boonyaratpalin, M., & Borowitzka, L. J. (2005) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.04.014 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Herrero, M., Jaime, L., Martín‐Álvarez, P. J., Cifuentes, A., & Ibáñez, E. (2006) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf060546q · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Careri, M., Furlattini, L., Mangia, A., Musci, M., Anklam, E., Théobald, A., & von Holst, C. (2001) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00545-3 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Screening of functional compounds in supercritical fluid extracts from Spirulina platensis
Mendiola, J. A., Jaime, L., Santoyo, S., Reglero, G., Cifuentes, A., Ibáñez, E., & Señoráns, F. J. (2006) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.06.068 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
(2006) · Fuel and Energy Abstracts · doi:10.1016/s0140-6701(06)81807-2 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive lipids from the microalga Nannochloropsis sp.
Andrich, G., Nesti, U., Venturi, F., Zinnai, A., & Fiorentini, R. (2005) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ejlt.200501130 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Denery, J. R., Dragull, K., Tang, C. S., & Li, Q. X. (2003) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2003.09.026 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Antioxidant activity of Spirulina platensis extracts by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction
WANG, L., PAN, B., Sheng, J., Xu, J., & HU, Q. (2007) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.03.054 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Milne, T. A., Evans, R. J., & Nagle, N. J. (1990) · Biomass · doi:10.1016/0144-4565(90)90066-s · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Mendes, R. L., Reis, A. D., & Palavra, A. F. (2006) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.07.019 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Swain, T. (1982) · Biochemical Systematics and Ecology · doi:10.1016/0305-1978(82)90015-1 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Jaime, L., Mendiola, J. A., Herrero, M., Soler‐Rivas, C., Santoyo, S., Señoráns, F. J., Cifuentes, A., & Ibáñez, E. (2005) · Journal of Separation Science · doi:10.1002/jssc.200500185 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Functional food oil coloured by pigments extracted from microalgae with supercritical CO2
Gouveia, L., Nobre, B. P., Marcelo, F., Mrejen, S., Cardoso, M. A. T., Palavra, A. M. F., & Mendes, R. L. (2006) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.027 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Fatty acid composition of Spirulina strains grown under various environmental conditions
Cohen, Z., Vonshak, A., & Richmond, A. (1987) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)84694-4 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Extraction of Astaxantine and Phycocyanine from Microalgae with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Valderrama, J. O., Perrut, M., & Majewski, W. (2003) · Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data · doi:10.1021/je020128r · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Cheung, P. C. K., Leung, A. Y. H., & Ang, P. O. (1998) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf980346h · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Fractionation of lipids and purification of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) from Spirulina platensis
Sajilata, M. G., Singhal, R. S., & Kamat, M. Y. (2008) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.005 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Cheung, P. (1999) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0308-8146(98)00210-6 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Liquid fuel (oil) from halophilic algae: A renewable source of non-polluting energy
Ginzburg, B. Z. (1993) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/0960-1481(93)90031-b · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Mendiola, J. A., Torres, C. F., Toré, A., Martín‐Álvarez, P. J., Santoyo, S., Arredondo, B. O., Señoráns, F. J., Cifuentes, A., & Ibáñez, E. (2006) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/s00217-006-0353-6 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Campanella, L., Crescentini, G., & Avino, P. (1999) · Analusis · doi:10.1051/analusis:1999130 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from microalga<i>Spirulina (arthrospira) platensis</i>
Andrich, G., Zinnai, A., Nesti, U., & Venturi, F. (2006) · Acta Alimentaria · doi:10.1556/aalim.35.2006.2.6 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Sajilata, M. G., Singhal, R. S., & Kamat, M. Y. (2008) · Journal of Food Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.05.028 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Hattab, M. E., Culioli, G., Piovetti, L., Chitour, S. E., & Valls, R. (2007) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.057 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Enrichment of vitamin E from Spirulina platensis microalga by SFE
Mendiola, J. A., García-Martínez, D. L., Rupérez, F. J., Martín‐Álvarez, P. J., Reglero, G., Cifuentes, A., Barbas, C., Ibáñez, E., & Señoráns, F. J. (2007) · The Journal of Supercritical Fluids · doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2007.07.021 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Cohen, Z., & Vonshak, A. (1991) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/0031-9422(91)84125-c · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Sánchez, M. D. M., Mantell, C., Rodríguez, M., & de la Ossa, E. J. M. (2008) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2008.12.006 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
γ-Linolenic acid production from Spirulina platensis
Mahajan, G., & Kamat, M. (1995) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/bf00218450 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Antimicrobial Activity of Sub- and Supercritical CO2 Extracts of the Green Alga Dunaliella salina
Mendiola, J. A., Santoyo, S., Cifuentes, A., Reglero, G., Ibáñez, E., & Señoráns, F. J. (2008) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x-71.10.2138 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Wu, Z., Wu, S., & Shi, X. (2007) · Journal of Food Process Engineering · doi:10.1111/j.1745-4530.2007.00102.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Jaime, L., Mendiola, J. A., Ibáñez, E., Martín‐Álvarez, P. J., Cifuentes, A., Reglero, G., & Señoráns, F. J. (2007) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf0711789 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Functional characterization of pressurized liquid extracts of Spirulina platensis
Santoyo, S., Herrero, M., Señoráns, F. J., Cifuentes, A., Ibáñez, E., & Jaime, L. (2006) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/s00217-006-0291-3 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Applications of supercritical CO2 extraction to microalgae and plants
Mendes, R. L., Coelho, J. P., Fernandes, H. L., Marrucho, I. M., Cabral, J. M. S., Novais, J. M., & Palavra, A. M. F. (1995) · Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/jctb.280620108 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Montero, O., Sánchez, M. D. M., Lama, C. M., Lubián, L. M., Mantell, C., Rodríguez, M., & de la Ossa, E. J. M. (2005) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf051283n · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Mendiola, J. A., Marín, F. R., Hernández, S. F., Arredondo, B. O., Señoráns, F. J., Ibáñez, E., & Reglero, G. (2005) · Journal of Separation Science · doi:10.1002/jssc.200500035 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Molecular species composition of glycolipids from Sprirulina platensis
Xue, C., Hu, Y., Saito, H., Zhang, Z., Li, Z., Yuepiao, C., Ou, C., Lin, H., & Imbs, A. B. (2002) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0308-8146(01)00315-6 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Hu, Q., Pan, B., Xu, J., et al. (2006) · Journal of Food Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.06.026 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Confessions of a bioenergy advocate
Bungay, H. R. (2004) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2003.12.002 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Crespo, M. O. P., & Yusty, M. A. L. (2005) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.025 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Supercritical fluid extraction and characterization of lipids from algaescenedesmus obliquus
Choi, K. J., Nakhost, Z., Krukonis, V. J., & Karel, M. (1987) · Food Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/08905438709549669 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Crespo, M. O. P., & Yusty, M. A. L. (2005) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.04.010 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Screening of Red Algae Filaments As a Potential Alternative Source of Eicosapentaenoic Acid
Chen, C., & Chou, H. (2002) · Marine Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10126-002-0002-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Lipids from Algae
Polak, J. T., Balaban, M. Ö., Peplow, A. J., & Phlips, A. J. (1989) · ACS symposium series · doi:10.1021/bk-1989-0406.ch028 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Supercritical fluid extraction from a brown alga by stagewise pressure increase
Subra, P., & Boissinot, P. (1991) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(01)95793-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Qiuhui, H. (1999) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf9812432 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Halogenated Monoterpenes from the Red Alga Plocamium cartilagineum
Gao, D., Okuda, R. K., & Lopez‐Avila, V. (2001) · Journal of AOAC International · doi:10.1093/jaoac/84.5.1313 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Marine and halophilic algae for the production of biofuels
Borowitzka, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1793 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Supercritical fluid extraction from a mediterranean brown alga
Subra‐Paternault, P., Tufeu, R., Garrabos, Y., & Boissinot, P. (1991) · The Journal of Supercritical Fluids · doi:10.1016/0896-8446(91)90018-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Algae as Production Systems of Bioactive Compounds
Michalak, I., & Chojnacka, K. (2015) · Engineering in Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/elsc.201400191 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Algal extracts: Technology and advances
Michalak, I., & Chojnacka, K. (2014) · Engineering in Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/elsc.201400139 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Cikoš, A.-M., Jokić, S., Šubarić, D., & Jerković, I. (2018) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md16100348 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Molino, A., Mehariya, S., Iovine, A., Larocca, V., Di Sanzo, G., Martino, M., Casella, P., Chianese, S., & Musmarra, D. (2018) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md16110432 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Techniques of lipid extraction from microalgae for biofuel production: a review
Lee, S. Y., Khoiroh, I., Vo, D.-V. N., Senthil Kumar, P., & Show, P. L. (2021) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-020-01088-5 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Prasedya, E. S., Frediansyah, A., Martyasari, N. W. R., Ilhami, B. K., Abidin, A. S., Padmi, H., Fahrurrozi, Juanssilfero, A. B., Widyastuti, S., & Sunarwidhi, A. L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95769-y · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Michalak, I., Górka, B., Wieczorek, P. P., Rój, E., Lipok, J., Łęska, B., Messyasz, B., Wilk, R., Schroeder, G., Dobrzyńska-Inger, A., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1080/09670262.2015.1134813 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Esquivel-Hernández, D., López, V., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, J., Alemán-Nava, G., Cuéllar-Bermúdez, S., Rostro-Alanis, M., & Parra-Saldívar, R. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17050658 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Oil extraction from enriched Spirulina platensis microalgae using supercritical carbon dioxide
Crampon, C., Nikitine, C., Zaier, M., Lépine, O., Tanzi, C. D., Vian, M. A., Chemat, F., & Badens, E. (2017) · The Journal of Supercritical Fluids · doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2016.10.006 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Apandi, N. M., Mohamed, R. M. S. R., Al-Gheethi, A., & Kassim, A. H. M. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3937-3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
- Authors
- Crampon, C., Boutin, O., & Badens, E.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Crampon, Christelle
- Venue
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2011-07-07
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 8941-8953
- ISSN
- 0888-5885 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5045
- OpenAlex
- W1984616767
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Keywords
- supercritical CO2 extraction, microalgae, seaweed, algal biomass, neutral lipids, antioxidants, extraction pressure, extraction temperature, extraction kinetics, freeze-drying, particle size, extraction yield
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
