Green Extraction Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Determination of As, Cd, and Pb in Plant and Food Matrices by ICP-MS
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In this study, extraction methods using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) were proposed for the determination of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in plant and food matrices. NADES are green and sustainable solvents with advantageous chemical properties for such applications. The NADES were prepared with different components, characterized, and applied in ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods. Experimental variables including temperature, extraction time, and sample-solvent ratio, were investigated using experimental designs to establish the optimal extraction conditions before analysis by ICP-MS. For the MAE method, the optimal conditions were extraction temperature of 100 °C, extraction time of 40 min, and SSR of 40:1 m v-1, resulting in recoveries of up to 84 %. For the UAE method, the optimal conditions were 40 °C, 40 min, and sample-solvent ratio (SSR) of 30:1 m v-1, with recoveries ranging from 96 % to 109 %, all with relative standard deviations less than 11 %. The proposed methods provided low detection limits (mg kg-1), with values of <0.0160 for As, <0.0030 for Cd, and < 0.0090 for Pb for UAE and MAE. The methods were considered green, achieving scores of 0.54 (MAE) and 0.45 (UAE) on the analytical greenness metric for sample preparation. The use of NADES as efficient extractants, combined with multivariate optimization, resulted in optimal experimental conditions, good analytical performance, and enhanced sustainability. The proposed method is a promising approach for applications in food safety and public health studies.
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NADES-based solid-liquid extraction has emerged as a promising approach for recovery of natural products because NADESs typically exhibit lower toxicity, improved biocompatibility, and greater suitability for food and pharmaceutical applications than many traditional extraction solvents.
“In addition, NADES-based solid-liquid extraction has emerged as a promising approach for the recovery of natural products because NADESs typically exhibit lower toxicity, improved biocompatibility, and greater suitability for food and pharmaceutical applications than many traditional extraction solvents [91,93,95,98,103].”
From Eco-Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Applications, and Comparative Insights (2026) · cites this paper as [95]
For solid and semi-solid samples, DES-assisted UAE, MAE, PLE, and NADES-based solid-liquid extraction offer several advantages compared with traditional microextraction techniques.
“For solid and semi-solid samples, DES-assisted ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and NADESbased solid-liquid extraction offer several advantages compared with traditional microextraction techniques [91,93,95,98,103].”
From Eco-Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Applications, and Comparative Insights (2026) · cites this paper as [95]
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表面微纳结构增强LIBS结合GA-BPNN的真实水样痕量元素定量研究（特邀）
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- Authors
- Brito, T. A., Costa, F. S., Oliveira, R. C., Amaral, C. D. B., Labuto, G., & Gonzalez, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste (BR)
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (BR)
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Gonzalez, Mario Henrique
- Venue
- Food Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-02
- Volume
- 464
- Issue
- Pt 3
- Pages
- 141922
- ISSN
- 0308-8146 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4404027113
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 6.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Food Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Coordination of Higher Education Personnel Improvement
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (465571/2014-0, 304366/2022-6, 403839/2023-8)
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2014/50945-4, 2019/22113-8, 2017/18531-3, 2015/08893-4, 2021/14759-5)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ionic liquids properties and applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Heavy Metals in Plants
- Keywords
- natural deep eutectic solvents, green extraction, arsenic, cadmium, lead, heavy metals, plant matrices, food matrix, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, extraction optimization, food safety, analytical greenness
- MeSH terms
- Deep Eutectic Solvents, Arsenic, Cadmium, Food Contamination, Chemical Fractionation, Lead, Microwaves, Mass Spectrometry, Green Chemistry Technology
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