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Cited by 1,076Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative StressVitamin C and Antioxidants ResearchPhytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities

Vitamins C and E: Beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective

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Traber, Maret G., Stevens, Jan F.·2011·Free Radical Biology and Medicine
DOI 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.017PMC PMC3156342
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Abstract

The mechanistic properties of two dietary antioxidants that are required by humans, vitamins C and E, are discussed relative to their biological effects. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential cofactor for α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Examples are prolyl hydroxylases, which play a role in the biosynthesis of collagen and in down-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, a transcription factor that regulates many genes responsible for tumor growth, energy metabolism, and neutrophil function and apoptosis. Vitamin C-dependent inhibition of the HIF pathway may provide alternative or additional approaches for controlling tumor progression, infections, and inflammation. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) functions as an essential lipid-soluble antioxidant, scavenging hydroperoxyl radicals in a lipid milieu. Human symptoms of vitamin E deficiency suggest that its antioxidant properties play a major role in protecting erythrocyte membranes and nervous tissues. As an antioxidant, vitamin C provides protection against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage by scavenging of reactive oxygen species, by vitamin E-dependent neutralization of lipid hydroperoxyl radicals, and by protecting proteins from alkylation by electrophilic lipid peroxidation products. These bioactivities bear relevance to inflammatory disorders. Vitamin C also plays a role in the function of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by recycling the eNOS cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, which is relevant to arterial elasticity and blood pressure regulation. Evidence from plants supports a role for vitamin C in the formation of covalent adducts with electrophilic secondary metabolites. Mechanism-based effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on biomarkers and on clinical outcomes from randomized, placebo-controlled trials are emphasized in this review.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Traber, M. G., & Stevens, J. F.
Affiliations
Oregon State University (US)
Corresponding author
Traber, Maret G.
ORCID
Venue
Free Radical Biology and Medicine
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-09
Volume
51
Issue
5
Pages
1000-1013
ISSN
0891-5849 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.017
PMC
PMC3156342
OpenAlex
W1988292100
Cited by
1,076
References
14
Citations by year
2026: 92 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 33
FWCI
4.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Free Radical Biology and Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL081721, HL081721)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK067930, R01DK067930, DK081761, R01DK081761)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Keywords
vitamin C, vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol, dietary antioxidants, prolyl hydroxylase, HIF-1, collagen synthesis, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, tetrahydrobiopterin, vitamin E deficiency, inflammation, tumor progression, reactive oxygen species, vitamin supplementation
MeSH terms
Animals, Antioxidants, Ascorbic Acid, Energy Metabolism, Free Radicals, Humans, Inflammation, Neoplasms, Vitamin E, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Cytoprotection, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1

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