Skin Redox Balance Maintenance: The Need for an Nrf2-Activator Delivery System
Open accessAbstract
The skin, being the largest organ of the body, functions as a barrier between our body and the environment. It is consistently exposed to various exogenous and endogenous stressors (e.g., air pollutants, ionizing and non-ionizing irradiation, toxins, mitochondrial metabolism, enzyme activity, inflammatory process, etc.) producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and physical damage (e.g., wounds, sunburns) also resulting in reactive oxygen species production. Although skin is equipped with an array of defense mechanisms to counteract reactive oxygen species, augmented exposure and continued reactive oxygen species might result in excessive oxidative stress leading to many skin disorders including inflammatory diseases, pigmenting disorders and some types of cutaneous malignancy. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an emerging regulator of cellular resistance and of defensive enzymes such as the phase II enzymes. Induction of the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of a large number of skin disorders by stimulating an endogenous defense mechanism. However, prolonged and enhanced activation of this pathway is detrimental and, thus, limits the therapeutic potential of Keap1–Nrf2 modulators. Here, we review the consequences of oxidative stress to the skin, and the defense mechanisms that skin is equipped with. We describe the challenges of maintaining skin redox balance and its impact on skin status and function. Finally, we suggest a novel strategy for maintenance of skin redox homeostasis by modulating the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway using nanotechnology-based delivery systems.
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A recent review by Greenwald et al., 2016, described a need for a Nrf2 activator in human skin to maintain dermal redox balance in modulating the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway for antioxidant defense.
“Finally, a recent review by Greenwald et al., in 2016, described a need for a Nfr2 activator in human skin to maintain dermal redox balance in modulating the Keap 1-Nrf2 pathway for antioxidant defense [76].”
Equol can increase levels of the master gene Nrf2, which regulates endogenous expression of detoxifying proteins and many other antioxidant enzymes involved in wound repair and protection against skin cancer.
“equol itself is a very strong antioxidant, and, in turn, it can increase the levels of the master gene, Nrf2, which regulates the endogenous expression of detoxifying proteins and many other antioxidant enzymes that are involved in wound repair, protection against skin cancer”
Nrf2 activation guards against dermal damage from sunlight (ionizing radiation) and oxidative stress via ROS.
“where Nrf2 activation guards against dermal damage, from sunlight (ionizing radiation) and oxidative stress via ROS [2,69-73,76,99].”
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- Authors
- Ben-Yehuda Greenwald, M., Ben-Sasson, S., Bianco-Peled, H., & Kohen, R.
- Affiliations
- The David and Ines Myers Skin Research Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112100, Israel
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Medical School, Ein-Karem Campus, Jerusalem 9112100, Israel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Kohen, Ron
- ORCID
- Kohen, Ron
- Venue
- Cosmetics
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-01-15
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1
- ISSN
- 2079-9284 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2239904501
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 245
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 3.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cosmetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- Nrf2, Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, nanotechnology-based drug delivery, skin diseases, phase II enzymes, skin cancer, skin barrier
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