Mitochondrial translocation of estrogen receptor Β affords resistance to oxidative insult-induced apoptosis and contributes to the pathogenesis of endometriosis
Abstract
Endometriosis is the major cause of female infertility and has been linked to the action of estrogen and estrogen receptor (ER). A new pool of ERβ locates within mitochondria, which regulates the endometriotic cell withstanding external insults, but its effect remains controversial. We hypothesize that mitochondrial estrogen receptor ERβ (mtERβ) is a pivotal regulator in estradiol-mediated cell protection leading to the endometriotic progression. We observed elevated levels of ERβ in the endometriotic tissues. A dramatic increase of ERβ in mitochondria (mtERβ) was found in the ectopic endometriotic tissues, or the estradiol-primed primary endometriotic cells. We analyzed the mtERβ-specific overexpressing clone (mtsERβ), which exhibited higher mitochondrial bioenergetics and lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The mtsERβ-overexpressed endometriotic cells displayed an enhanced migration phenotype, whereas significantly attenuated migration by mitochondrial respiratory inhibitor (oligomycin) or ERβ deficiency by shERβ. Further investigations revealed that ERβ directly modulated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene expression by interacting with mtDNA D-loop and polymerase γ. The mtsERβ afforded a resistance to oxidative insult-induced apoptosis through the induction of the ROS scavenger enzyme Mn-superoxide dismutase and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Collectively, the demonstration of mtERβ responses in restoration of mitochondrial bioenergetics and inhibition of mitochondria-dependent apoptotic events provides insight into the pathogenesis of endometriosis, suggesting ERβ-selective estrogen receptor modulator may serve as novel therapeutics of endometriosis in the future.
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Higher ERβ expression in OE than AD lesions corroborates earlier reports.
“Higher ERβ expression in OE than AD lesions corroborates earlier reports (Liao et al., 2019).”
From Progressively diminished estrogen signaling concordant with increased fibrosis in ectopic endometrium (2025) · cites this paper as Liao et al., 2019
17β-estradiol regulates multiple other aspects of mitochondrial function through ERs, including ROS generation, antioxidant defense, and Ca2+ handling.
“Moreover, 17β-estradiol also appears to regulate multiple other aspects of mitochondrial function through ERs, including ROS generation, antioxidant defense, and Ca2+ handling (126–131).”
From From mitochondria to sarcopenia: role of 17β-estradiol and testosterone (2023) · cites this paper as [127]
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- Authors
- Liao, T.-L., Lee, Y.-C., Tzeng, C.-R., Wang, Y.-P., Chang, H.-Y., Lin, Y.-F., & Kao, S.-H.
- Affiliations
- Taipei Medical University (TW)
- Taipei Medical University Hospital (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Kao, Shu-Huei
- Venue
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 134
- Pages
- 359-373
- ISSN
- 0891-5849 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2914087220
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 5.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Taipei Medical University Repository (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Basic Research (NSC 96-2320-B-038-009, NSC 99-2632-B-038-001-MY3)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- endometriosis, estrogen receptor beta, mitochondrial translocation, oxidative stress, apoptosis resistance, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial bioenergetics, mitochondrial DNA, D-loop, DNA polymerase gamma, superoxide dismutase, Bcl-2, cell migration, estradiol
- MeSH terms
- Organelle Biogenesis, Endometriosis, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Mitochondria, Apoptosis, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Protein Transport, Estrogen Receptor beta, Mitochondrial Dynamics
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