Cited by 243Endometriosis Research and TreatmentEstrogen and related hormone effectsEndometrial and Cervical Cancer Treatments

Estrogen Receptor-β, Estrogen Receptor-α, and Progesterone Resistance in Endometriosis

Open access
Bulun, Serdar, Cheng, You-Hong, Pavone, Mary, Xue, Qing, Attar, Erkut, Trukhacheva, Elena, Tokunaga, Hideki, Utsunomiya, Hiroki +7 more·2010·Seminars in Reproductive Medicine

Abstract

Loss of progesterone signaling in the endometrium may be a causal factor in the development of endometriosis, and progesterone resistance is commonly observed in women with this disease. In endometriotic stromal cells, the levels of progesterone receptor (PR), particularly the PR-B isoform, are significantly decreased, leading to a loss of paracrine signaling. PR deficiency likely underlies the development of progesterone resistance in women with endometriosis who no longer respond to progestin therapy. Here we review the complex epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms leading to PR deficiency. The initial event may involve deficient methylation of the estrogen receptor (ER)beta promoter resulting in pathologic overexpression of ERbeta in endometriotic stromal cells. We speculate that alterations in the relative levels of ERbeta and ERalpha in endometrial tissue dictate E2-regulated PR expression, such that a decreased ERalpha-tauomicron-ERbeta ratio may result in suppression of PR. In this review, we propose a molecular model that may be responsible for changes in ERbeta and ERalpha leading to PR loss and progesterone resistance in endometriosis.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1055/s-0029-1242991

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Estrogen promotes endometriotic cell survival, inflammation and lesion progression.

    “This emphasizes the paramount importance of estrogen to the pathogenesis of endometriosis: estrogen promotes endometriotic cell survival, inflammation and lesion progression”

    From Endometriosis and nuclear receptors (2019) · cites this paper as Bulun et al., 2010

    The section ‘Estrogen Action in Endometrium and Endometriosis’ (page unavailable) calls estrogen a strong mitogen for endometriotic tissue and says estradiol regulates its growth, supporting the lesion-growth part of the claim. The copy does not establish that estrogen promotes endometriotic cell survival or inflammation; its discussion of cytokines and prostaglandins does not attribute their production to estrogen. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Bulun, S., Cheng, Y.-H., Pavone, M., Xue, Q., Attar, E., Trukhacheva, E., Tokunaga, H., Utsunomiya, H., Yin, P., Luo, X., Lin, Z., Imir, G., Thung, S., Su, E., & Kim, J.
Affiliations
  • Northwestern University (US)
  • Peking University (CN)
  • Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa (TR)
  • Tohoku University (JP)
  • Yale University (US)
Venue
Seminars in Reproductive Medicine
Published
2010-01
Volume
28
Issue
01
Pages
036-043
ISSN
  • 1526-4564 (ISSN-L)
  • 1526-8004
OpenAlex
W2091204496
Cited by
243
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 14
FWCI
19.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Seminars in Reproductive Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD040093, HD 040093, R01HD044715)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Endometrial and Cervical Cancer Treatments
Keywords
endometriosis, progesterone resistance, progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor beta, estrogen receptor alpha, endometriotic stromal cells, promoter methylation, epigenetic regulation, paracrine signaling
MeSH terms
Endometriosis, Endometrium, Female, Humans, Progesterone, Receptors, Progesterone, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Stromal Cells, CpG Islands, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Estrogen Receptor beta

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review