State-of-the-art review of frost deposition on flat surfaces
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The observed ultralow temperature phenomenon appears contradictory to thermodynamic theory.
“As discussed by Léoni et al. [118], the observed phenomenon appears to be contradictory to thermodynamic theory.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [118]
Snowflakes may fall to the ground before drifting onto the cold surface.
“Then, these snowflakes may fall down to the ground before drifting onto the cold surface.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [118]
Under ordinary low temperature conditions (temperatures ranging from -16°C to -4°C), frost layer thickness always increases as surface temperature decreases.
“However, under ordinary low temperature conditions, namely from temperatures ranging from 16 ° C to 4 ° C, the frost layer thickness always increases as the surface temperature decreases, as shown in Fig. 16(c) [118].”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [118]
As cold surface temperature decreases, an increasing portion of water vapor becomes snowflakes, and the air contacting the cold surface becomes dryer.
“Owing to this effect, as the cold surface temperature decreases, an ever increasing portion of water vapor in the air becomes snowflakes; the air that comes in contact with the cold surface becomes dryer.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [118]
Léoni et al. demonstrated that air near the very cold surface may cool so low that water vapor may directly undergo vapor-to-solid phase change, forming snowflakes.
“They demonstrated that the air in the vicinity of the server cold surface may be cooled down to such a low temperature, that the water vapor in the air may directly experience a vapor-to-solid phase change, thus forming snowflakes.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [118]
No definite answer was given for the special ultralow temperature phenomenon.
“However, no definite answer was given for this special phenomenon.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [118]
As evaluated by Léoni et al., Hermes et al. assumed that only mass diffusion occurs in the frost layer (0.5 exponents for time), contrary to Yang and Lee.
“As evaluated by Léoni et al. [118], Hermes et al. assumed that only mass diffusion occurs in the frost layer (0.5 exponents for the time) contrary to Yang and Lee [89].”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [118]
This assumption may be the reason why the new relation presents errors of 10%.
“This may be the reason why this new relation presents errors of 10%.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [118]
Cites
Study of frost properties correlating with frost formation types
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“The authors also realized experimental tests in order to complete Hayashi et al. (1977) correlation (adding a part related to the cold surface temperature) and to validate the numerical model.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA one-dimensional model for frost formation on a cold flat surface
Lee, K.-S., Kim, W.-S., & Lee, T.-H. (1997) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/s0017-9310(97)00074-4 · Cited by 296 · cited 8× · see citing works
“On the contrary, Lee et al. (1997) consider frost density as a function of mass flux of densification.”
BackgroundInfluentialA study of frost growth and densification on flat surfaces
Hermes, C. J. L., Piucco, R. O., Barbosa, J. R., & Melo, C. (2009) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2008.10.006 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
New model for frost growth rate
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Frost formation with varying environmental parameters
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“Jones and Parker (1975) developed a model based on molecular diffusion of water vapour at the frost interface and using energy and mass balances.”
BackgroundInfluentialModelling of frost growth and densification
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“For vertical plate, results obtained for the two authors (Lee and Ro, 2002 and El Cheikh and Jacobi, 2014) are in agreement.”
MethodResult<i>Review Article:</i> A Critical Review of Properties and Models for Frost Formation Analysis
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“Iragorry et al. (2004) proposed a critical review of frost properties and models for frost formation analysis.”
BackgroundInfluentialA generalized simple model for predicting frost growth on cold flat plate
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“As a consequence, the Wang et al. (2012) model was not taken into account.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialA semi-empirical correlation for the frost density
Hermes, C. J. L., Loyola, F. R., & Nascimento, V. S. (2014) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.02.008 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
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“For the FLG stage, numerical and experimental studies on spatial and temporal characteristics of the frost layer, such as frost thickness, density, and surface roughness, were conducted under different frosting conditions [33,34].”
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“In different periods, the frost thickness and frost density, which represent the most important features of frost, are influenced prominently by the frost crystal morphologies and frost layer characteristics [8].”
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“Published works relate, mostly, to studies conducted in flatplate surfaces (Léoni et al., 2016), where it has been determined, through model development and experimentally, that surface temperature, frost density and thermal conductivity are fundamental parameters to estimate the rate of frost growth (Hermes, 2012; Ne…”
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“Leoni et al. [11] compare this process with other similar definitions of the overall frost growth process.”
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A smart domestic refrigerator with energy efficiency improvement
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“are also studied because frost formation and deposition on an evaporator coil affects cooling capacity of refrigerators [10].”
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Dimensionless Model of Frost Roughness on Cold Flat Plate Under Forced Convection
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Heat transfer characteristics of a protruded flat surface under frost formation
Abdusoglu, A., Demirhan, K., Yakut, E. M., Başol, A., & Arik, M. (2026) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.112473
Bustanji, S. A., Alrihaim, T. A., Kumar, R., Chauhan, M. R., Abbas, W. F., Bains, P. S., Gill, H. S., Sabirov, S., & Ranjbar, F. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-73138-x
Arriola-Gutierrez, E., Boullosa-Falces, D., & Larrabe-Barrena, J. L. (2026) · Journal of Marine Science and Engineering · doi:10.3390/jmse14030260
Aksoy, A., & Özdemir, M. (2024) · Proceedings of the Institution of mechanical engineers. Part E, journal of process mechanical engineering · doi:10.1177/09544089241239605
Air-Side Thermal Behavior of Parallel-Plate Evaporators. Part II: Performance under Frosting
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Frost formation over a cold plate with icephobic coatings
Rahal, M., Coulombe, A., Aminabadi, R. J., Poncet, S., & Fellouah, H. (2023) · Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 6 · doi:10.17118/11143/20992
Laaksonen, A., & Malila, J. (2022) · Nucleation of Water · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814321-6.00018-x
- Authors
- Léoni, A., Mondot, M., Durier, F., Revellin, R., & Haberschill, P.
- Affiliations
- Centre Technique des Industries Aérauliques et Thermiques (FR)
- Lyon 1 Université (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Revellin, Rémi
- Venue
- International Journal of Refrigeration
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 68
- Pages
- 198-217
- ISSN
- 0140-7007 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2342379770
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 7.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Refrigeration (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Icing and De-icing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Adsorption and Cooling Systems
- Keywords
- frost formation, frost growth, frost thickness, frost density, flat surfaces, horizontal surface, vertical surfaces, parallel flat plates, prediction model, empirical correlations, air velocity, relative humidity, wall temperature
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