A semi-empirical correlation for the frost density
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The model relies on empirical information for frost density and thermal conductivity, calculated as follows (Hermes et al., 2014).
“The model also relies on empirical information for the frost density and thermal conductivity, calculated as follows (Hermes et al., 2014):”
From Algebraic modeling and thermodynamic design of fan-supplied tube-fin evaporators running under frosting conditions (2014) · cites this paper as Hermes et al., 2014
Hermes et al. obtained a semi-empirical relation for frost density using an empirical model and experimental data.
“Recently, Hermes et al. [59] obtained a semi-empirical relation for frost density by using an empirical model and experimental data.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [59]
This relation strongly depended on the modified Jakob number and on time.
“This relation strongly depended on the modified Jakob number and on time.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [59]
Leoni et al. [8] found that Hermes et al.'s correlation [52] can only be used to predict 28% of a database for frost density established from previously published studies.
“Leoni et al. [8] found out that Hermes et al. ' s correlation [52] can only be used to predict 28% of a database for frost density which was established from previously published studies.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as Hermes et al. [52]
Hermes et al. [52] concluded that the modified Jakob number can reveal frosting characteristics on a cold surface and reported a function of modified Jakob number and frosting time to evaluate average frost density.
“Hermes et al. [52] concluded that the modified Jakob number can reveal frosting charac teristics on a cold surface and a function of modified Jakob number and frosting time to evaluate average frost density was reported.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as Hermes et al. [52]
Cites
Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media
Bear, J. (1975) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/00010694-197508000-00022 · Cited by 9,822 · see citing works
Dynamics of fluids in Porous Media
Childs, E. C. (1973) · Engineering Geology · doi:10.1016/0013-7952(73)90047-1 · Cited by 6,242 · see citing works
Fletcher, N. H. (1970) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511735639 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Study of frost properties correlating with frost formation types
Hayashi, Y., Aoki, A., Adachi, S., & Hori, K. (1977) · Journal of Heat Transfer · doi:10.1115/1.3450675 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
A one-dimensional model for frost formation on a cold flat surface
Lee, K.-S., Kim, W.-S., & Lee, T.-H. (1997) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/s0017-9310(97)00074-4 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
A study of frost growth and densification on flat surfaces
Hermes, C. J. L., Piucco, R. O., Barbosa, J. R., & Melo, C. (2009) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2008.10.006 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
New model for frost growth rate
Na, B., & Webb, R. L. (2004) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.09.001 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Modelling of frost growth and densification
Le Gall, R., Grillot, J. M., & Jallut, C. (1997) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/s0017-9310(96)00359-6 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Equation of the growth rate of frost forming on cooled surfaces
Schneider, H. W. (1978) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/0017-9310(78)90098-4 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Dimensionless correlations of frost properties on a cold plate
Yang, D.-K., & Lee, K.-S. (2004) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/s0140-7007(03)00118-x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
An analytical solution to the problem of frost growth and densification on flat surfaces
Hermes, C. (2012) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.06.070 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
<i>Review Article:</i> A Critical Review of Properties and Models for Frost Formation Analysis
Iragorry, J., Tao, Y.-X., & Jia, S. (2004) · HVAC&R Research · doi:10.1080/10789669.2004.10391111 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Measurement and Correlation of Water Frost Thermal Conductivity and Density
Biguria, G., & Wenzel, L. A. (1970) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals · doi:10.1021/i160033a021 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
(1989) · ASHRAE winter conference papers · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Modeling of frost formation over parallel cold plates
Ismail, K. A. R., & Salinas, C. S. (1999) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/s0140-7007(98)00069-3 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The effect of streamwise vortices on the frost growth rate in developing laminar channel flows
Storey, B. D., & Jacobi, A. M. (1999) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/s0017-9310(99)00045-9 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
An analytical study of frost nucleation and growth during the crystal growth period
Şahin, A. Z. (1995) · Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1007/bf01463923 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
CORRELATION OF WATER FROST POROSITY IN LAMINAR FLOW OVER FLAT SURFACES
Kandula, M. (2012) · Special Topics & Reviews in Porous Media An International Journal · doi:10.1615/specialtopicsrevporousmedia.v3.i1.70 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
In-situ evaluation of a criterion to predict frost formation on liners of refrigerated cabinets
Piucco, R. O., Hermes, C. J. L., & Melo, C. (2011) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.05.003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Review of Condensation Frosting
Nath, S., Ahmadi, S., & Boreyko, J. B. (2017) · Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering · doi:10.1080/15567265.2016.1256007 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics
Song, M., & Dang, C. (2018) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.03.094 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
State-of-the-art review of frost deposition on flat surfaces
Léoni, A., Mondot, M., Durier, F., Revellin, R., & Haberschill, P. (2016) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.04.004 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Sommers, A., Gebhart, C. W., & Hermes, C. (2018) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.01.074 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Sommers, A. D., Truster, N. L., Napora, A. C., Riechman, A. C., & Caraballo, E. J. (2016) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.01.008 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“[25] correlation on both the hydrophilic sample (Surface 3) and the hydrophobic sample (Surface 2).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, L., Song, M., Deng, S., Shen, J., & Dang, C. (2022) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118984 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Léoni, A., Mondot, M., Durier, F., Revellin, R., & Haberschill, P. (2017) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.06.005 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Brèque, F., & Nemer, M. (2016) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.06.010 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A semi-empirical correlation for the thermal conductivity of frost
Negrelli, S., & Hermes, C. J. L. (2015) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.05.021 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Effect of frost morphology on the thermal-hydraulic performance of fan-supplied tube-fin evaporators
da Silva, D. L., Melo, C., & Hermes, C. J. L. (2017) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.165 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationRobust predictive models for estimating frost deposition on horizontal and parallel surfaces
Zendehboudi, A., & Li, X. (2017) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.05.013 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A study of frost build-up on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces under forced convection conditions
Hermes, C. J. L., Nascimento, V. S., Loyola, F. R., Cardoso, R. P., & Sommers, A. D. (2019) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.08.009 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
(2015) · doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2014.10.006 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
A study of the effective thermal conductivity of frost formed on parallel plate channels
Negrelli, S., Nascimento, V., & Hermes, C. (2016) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.06.019 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Lei, S., Song, M., Pekař, L., & Shen, J. (2021) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2021.101202 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Negrelli, S., Cardoso, R. P., & Hermes, C. J. L. (2016) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.05.135 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Sommers, A., Napora, A., Truster, N., Caraballo, E., & Hermes, C. (2017) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.10.025 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Moradkhani, M. A., Hosseini, S. H., Shangwen, L., & Song, M. (2022) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119258 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Chen, G., Deng, X., Zhang, G., & Yan, X. (2019) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.12.133 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mechanisms of trace water vapor frosting on a cryogenic surface in nitrogen gas flow
Qi, Y., Zhi, X., Zhang, H., Wang, K., & Qiu, L. (2021) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.120898 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Choi, S.-G., & Kim, S. (2017) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.05.033 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A semi-empirical model for predicting frost accretion on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces
Hermes, C., Sommers, A., Gebhart, C. W., & Nascimento, V. (2017) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.09.022 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Evaporator Frosting in Refrigerating Appliances: Fundamentals and Applications
Hermes, C., Boeng, J., da Silva, D. D., Knabben, F. T., & Sommers, A. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14185991 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“[61] proposed a semi-empirical model based on the empirical observation that the porosity of the frost layer follows the square-root of time rule for mature frost media, yielding: ρ f”
BackgroundLoyola, F., Nascimento, V., & Hermes, C. (2014) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.08.055 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Zhao, B.-Y., Bi, H.-Q., Wang, H.-L., & Zhou, Y.-L. (2022) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119134 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A novel defrosting control strategy with image processing technique and fractal theory
Miao, H.-F., Yang, X., Yin, D.-Z., Zheng, W.-D., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., & Liu, Z. (2022) · International journal of refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2022.03.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Predictive models on the frost formation for plain surface - a review and comparative study
Li, S.-M., & Wang, C.-C. (2021) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105670 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Shirani, A., Merzkirch, A., Roesler, J., Leyer, S., Scholzen, F., & Maas, S. (2021) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102638 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ribeiro, R. S., & Hermes, C. J. L. (2014) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.05.012 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationLiang, X.-Y., & Wu, L. (2022) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112366 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Liu, G., Yan, G. F., & Yu, J. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.110975 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Farzaneh, M., Zgheib, N., Sherif, S. A., & Balachandar, S. (2022) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123233 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Schmiesing, N. C., & Sommers, A. (2017) · Science and Technology for the Built Environment · doi:10.1080/23744731.2017.1333876 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“It is also worth noting that the model by Hermes et al. (2014) was independent of the frost surface temperature, while still providing an explicit relationship between frost density and time.”
BackgroundMoradkhani, M. A., Gao, R., Hosseini, S. H., & Song, M. (2023) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.122090 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Capacitive sensing of frost growth dynamics on aluminum surfaces with different wettabilities
Inanlu, M., Gurumukhi, Y., Kabirzadeh, P., Anand, R., Khodakarami, S., Viswanathan, V., Stillwell, A., & Miljković, N. (2024) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125377 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Son, H., Lee, H., Lee, K.-S., & Kim, D. R. (2024) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.122746 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Towards the pseudo-2D modeling of frost growth between cold parallel plates
Coulombe, A., Rahal, M., Fellouah, H., & Poncet, S. (2023) · International journal of thermal sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.108031 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Thermal performance of peripheral-finned tube evaporators under frosting
Timmermann, M., Kaviany, M., & Barbosa, J. (2018) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.09.008 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Juhola, V., Mikkola, V., Inkeri, E., Kabelac, S., & Tynjälä, T. (2025) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127396 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wang, J., Wang, J., Xie, L., Peng, F., & Shi, L.-Y. (2024) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2024.107415 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Xia, G., Zhao, D. H., Ding, G., Zhuang, D., & Zhan, F. (2018) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.05.003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Time scaling of frost accretion and the square-root-of-time rule
Hermes, C., Sommers, A., & Barbosa, J. (2019) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.104281 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Effects of crystal formation on the initial frost thickness and density on cold surfaces
Harges, E., & Cremaschi, L. (2022) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2022.01.019 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Prediction of heat and mass transfer inside 3D frost microstructure
Mao, N., Nishimura, K., Gong, J., Takayashiki, M., Ściążko, A., Komatsu, Y., Tang, J., & Shikazono, N. (2024) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.122978 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Han, Z.-M., Liu, H.-J., Wang, Z.-P., Han, B., & Chang, H.-L. (2025) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.127185 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Experimental study on heat transfer characteristics of frost formation on vertical cold surfaces
Han, Z.-M., Liu, H.-J., Chen, H., & Han, B. (2025) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2024.108485 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A non-iterative solution for frost growth on flat surfaces
Hollon, D., Truster, N., Byrd, L., Roman, A. J., & Wolff, M. (2023) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124578 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Carvajal-Mariscal, I., León-Ruiz, J. E. D., Belman-Flores, J., Martínez-Espinosa, E., & José-Pineda, O. (2023) · Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering · doi:10.3389/fmech.2023.1101425 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“From the experimental measurements obtained through the machine vision scheme implemented, as well as through the correlations and mathematical expressions proposed in (Malhammar, 1988; Aljuwayhel et al., 2007; Hermes et al., 2014), an alternative proposal is derived to estimate effective frost accretion through a sem…”
MethodLi, X., Zhang, Q., Que, Y., Li, Q., Liu, C., & Feng, J. (2026) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2026.140414 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liu, X., Dong, X.-J., Yan, S.-H., Hou, Y., & Lai, T.-W. (2022) · Energy Storage and Saving · doi:10.1016/j.enss.2022.10.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Modeling of frost accretion on microchannel evaporators for household refrigerators
Boeng, J., de Araujo, T. E. H. R. P., Machado, M. W., & Stahelin, R. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.131390 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Prediction and Evaluation of Frosting Surface on Cylindrical Structure Using Growth Rate Model
Park, S., Kihara, H., & Abe, K. (2023) · International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42405-023-00568-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“[40] considers the growth rate of crystallization proposed by Fletcher [41], for broadening its applicability to more practical problems.”
BackgroundXu, X.-Y., & Wang, W. (2024) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125612 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Advances in defrosting: exploring the use of surface treatment to promote frost layer delamination.
Sommers, A. D., Schmiesing, N. C., & Corti, G. (2025) · Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0359 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Experimental Investigation on Frost Density and Thermal Conductivity Under Cryogenic Condition
Shangguan, S., Wang, L., Sun, P., Li, Y., Liu, B., & Li, Y. (2024) · Springer aerospace technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-8045-1_40 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Park, S., Kihara, H., & Abe, K. (2022) · International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42405-022-00464-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thermodynamic Optimization of Tube-Fin Evaporators Operating under Frosting Conditions
Ribeiro, R. S., & Hermes, C. J. L. (2014) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System)
Schmiesing, N. C., & Sommers, A. D. (2016) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System)
2D Frost Growth and Densification Model in Counterflow Heat Exchanger
Coulombe, A., Fellouah, H., & Poncet, S. (2020) · Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluid Flow and Thermal Science, ICFFTS ... · doi:10.11159/icffts20.121
“The constants were fitted from experimental data for an airflow between parallel cold plates [13]:”
MethodData analysis of frost density formed on cooled surfaces
Koshelev, V. L., Иозапович, Е. А., & Koshelev, S. V. (2022) · Journal International Academy of Refrigeration · doi:10.17586/1606-4313-2022-21-3-80-88
Capacitance Sensing of Frost Growth Dynamics on Aluminum Surfaces with Different WettabilitiesPreprint
Inanlu, M. J., Gurumukhi, Y., Kabirzadeh, P., Anand, R., Khodakarami, S., Viswanathan, V., Stillwell, A., & Miljkovic, N. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4597511
Song, M., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95457-0.00009-5
Measurement and calculation of frost characteristics on cold surfaces
Song, M., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95457-0.00006-x
Frosting on surface of horizontal cold plate under natural convection in an ASHP unit
Song, M., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95457-0.00010-1
Hennessy, M. M., Bendure, R. J., Corti, G., & Sommers, A. D. (2025) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111670
Study of frosting characteristics on plate surface under wide-range convection
Zhang, D., Yuan, X.-Q., Wang, Y., He, Z., Li, Z., & Liu, B. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132754
Qinpeng, M., Yonggang, Z., Xiangliang, M., & Gao, J. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7302400
- Authors
- Hermes, C. J. L., Loyola, F. R., & Nascimento, V. S.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Hermes, Christian J.L.
- ORCID
- Loyola, Felipe R.
- Venue
- International Journal of Refrigeration
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 46
- Pages
- 100-104
- ISSN
- 0140-7007 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1967990940
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 7.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Refrigeration (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Brazilian Government Agency CNPq (303789/2012-3)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Icing and De-icing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Adsorption and Cooling Systems
- Keywords
- frost density, semi-empirical correlation, frost growth, first-principles modeling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
