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Tissue-Resident Macrophages Self-Maintain Locally throughout Adult Life with Minimal Contribution from Circulating Monocytes
Open accessAbstract
Despite accumulating evidence suggesting local self-maintenance of tissue macrophages in the steady state, the dogma remains that tissue macrophages derive from monocytes. Using parabiosis and fate-mapping approaches, we confirmed that monocytes do not show significant contribution to tissue macrophages in the steady state. Similarly, we found that after depletion of lung macrophages, the majority of repopulation occurred by stochastic cellular proliferation in situ in a macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-Csf)- and granulocyte macrophage (GM)-CSF-dependent manner but independently of interleukin-4. We also found that after bone marrow transplantation, host macrophages retained the capacity to expand when the development of donor macrophages was compromised. Expansion of host macrophages was functional and prevented the development of alveolar proteinosis in mice transplanted with GM-Csf-receptor-deficient progenitors. Collectively, these results indicate that tissue-resident macrophages and circulating monocytes should be classified as mononuclear phagocyte lineages that are independently maintained in the steady state.
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“Our findings are consistent with reports that macrophage progenitors develop from the primitive ectoderm of the yolk sac4 and give rise to tissue macrophages that do not have a monocytic progenitor16,17.”
From Identification of a unique TGF-β–dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia (2014) · cites this paper as [16]
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“In addition, the normal arterial intima of mice and humans, like any tissue of the mammalian body, contains tissue-resident macrophages, which arise from embryonic precursors and from bone-marrow-derived circulating monocytes immediately after birth144.”
From Inflammation and its resolution in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities (2019) · cites this paper as [144]
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“These macrophages self-renew and fulfil homeostatic and physiological functions in the tissue concerned144.”
From Inflammation and its resolution in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities (2019) · cites this paper as [144]
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BackgroundMonocyte Heterogeneity: Consequences for Monocyte-Derived Immune Cells
Sprangers, S., de Vries, T. J., & Everts, V. E. (2016) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2016/1475435 · Cited by 164
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“Female mice were anesthetized using 2.5% Avertin (15 ml/ kg), shaved at the corresponding lateral sides of the body, and then surgically joined as previously described (Hashimoto et al., 2013).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationEnhanced M1/M2 Macrophage Ratio Promotes Orthodontic Root Resorption
He, D., Kou, X., Luo, Q., Yang, R., Liu, D., Wang, X., Song, Y., Cao, H., Zeng, M., Gan, Y., et al. (2014) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034514553817 · Cited by 148
“In addition, the heterogeneity of macrophages was shown not only by the different phenotypes of M1 and M2 in tissues but also by the different origins of heterogeneous circulating monocytes under inflammation (Hashimoto et al. 2013; Novak and Koh 2013).”
BackgroundRole of Macrophages in Wound HealingPreprint
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IL-34 mediates acute kidney injury and worsens subsequent chronic kidney disease
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Placental formation in early pregnancy: how is the centre of the placenta made?
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“Regardless of their origin, tissue M Φ can maintain themselves in adulthood through self-renewal and thus independently of blood monocytes (Ajami et al , 2007; Mildner et al , 2007; Hashimoto et al , 2013; Sieweke & Allen, 2013; Yona et al , 2013).”
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Tissue‐resident innate immunity in the lung
Ardain, A., Marakalala, M. J., & Leslie, A. J. (2019) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13143 · Cited by 142
Resident cardiac macrophages: Heterogeneity and function in health and disease
Zaman, R., & Epelman, S. (2022) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.009 · Cited by 145
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“Additionally, skin-resident macrophages are established in the dermis during embryonic development and are renewed only by in situ proliferation (27).”
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The interstitium in cardiac repair: role of the immune–stromal cell interplay
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The interstitial macrophage: A long-neglected piece in the puzzle of lung immunity
Liegeois, M. A., Legrand, C., Desmet, C. J., Marichal, T., & Bureau, F. (2018) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.02.001 · Cited by 147
Macrophage Biology, Classification, and Phenotype in Cardiovascular Disease
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“It may still be the case that proliferating resident macrophages indeed have a greater ability to replenish the resident macrophage niche than recruited cells when both are available (24), but under circumstances in which the original resident pool is partially or totally eliminated, there is a reliance on the blood m…”
Dynamics of human monocytes and airway macrophages during healthy aging and after transplant
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Macrophages are critical to the maintenance of IL-13-dependent lung inflammation and fibrosis
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Dual extra-retinal origins of microglia in the model of retinal microglia repopulation
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Role of monocytes and macrophages in regulating immune response following lung transplantation
Chiu, S. F., & Bharat, A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation · doi:10.1097/mot.0000000000000313 · Cited by 148
Metadata
- Authors
- Hashimoto, D., Chow, A., Noizat, C., Teo, P., Beasley, M. B., Leboeuf, M., Becker, C. D., See, P., Price, J., Lucas, D., Greter, M., Mortha, A., Boyer, S. W., Forsberg, E. C., Tanaka, M., van Rooijen, N., García-Sastre, A., Stanley, E. R., Ginhoux, F., Frenette, P. S., & Merad, M.
- Affiliations
- Tisch Cancer Institute (US)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences (JP)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 792-804
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3853406
- OpenAlex
- W1973433801
- Cited by
- 2,311
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 132 · 2025: 151 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 168 · 2022: 204 · 2021: 211 · 2020: 219 · 2019: 185 · 2018: 179 · 2017: 188 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 155 · 2014: 148 · 2013: 47
- FWCI
- 92.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine
- California Institute of Regenerative Medicine
- National Institutes of Health
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23390095)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL097700, HL069438, R01HL116340, R01HL086899, R01HL097700, F30HL099028, R01HL069438, HL116340)
- National Cancer Institute (CA154947A, R01CA173861, R01CA154947)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM008646)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 089987, U19AI089987, AI10008)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK056638, DK056638)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Keywords
- tissue-resident macrophages, macrophage self-renewal, monocytes, lung macrophages, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF, IL-4, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, bone marrow transplantation, parabiosis, fate mapping
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Cell Survival, Cells, Cultured, Homeostasis, Humans, Lung, Macrophages, Mice, Mutant Strains, Parabiosis, Interleukin-4, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Mice, Knockout, Cell Proliferation, Mice
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