Monocytes and macrophages: developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages have crucial and distinct roles in tissue homeostasis and immunity, but they also contribute to a broad spectrum of pathologies and are thus attractive therapeutic targets. Potential intervention strategies that aim to manipulate these cells will require an in-depth understanding of their origins and the mechanisms that ensure their homeostasis. Recent evidence shows that monocytes do not substantially contribute to most tissue macrophage populations in the steady state or during certain types of inflammation. Rather, most tissue macrophage populations in mice are derived from embryonic precursors, are seeded before birth and can maintain themselves in adults by self-renewal. In this Review, we discuss the evidence that has dramatically changed our understanding of monocyte and macrophage development, and the maintenance of these cells in the steady state.
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Microglia are believed to have little contribution from marrow-derived cells in adulthood.
“MG are believed to have little contribution from marrow-derived cells in adulthood23, so it would be surprising to find the mutations in this compartment.”
From Clonal hematopoiesis is associated with protection from Alzheimer’s disease (2023) · cites this paper as [23]
Langerhans cells are a unique cell population to the skin organ, where fate-mapping of macrophages demonstrates in situ proliferation to Langerhans cells in the skin during embryonic development.
“Langerhans cells are a unique cell population to the skin organ, where fate‐mapping of macrophages demonstrates in situ proliferation to Langerhans cells in the skin during embryonic development.[ 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 ]”
From Coordinated Development of Immune Cell Populations in Vascularized Skin Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2025) · cites this paper as [79]
In ccr2RFP∷cx3cr1GFP double heterozygous mice, adult resident microglia exhibit a ccr2RFP−/cx3cr1GFP+ pattern, whereas peripheral monocytes recruited in response to inflammation are characterized by a ccr2RFP+/cx3cr1GFP− pattern.
“We took advantage of ccr2RFP∷ cx3cr1GFP double heterozygous mice 35 in which adult resident microglia exhibit a ccr2RFP−/cx3cr1GFP+ pattern35, 36, whereas peripheral monocytes, which are recruited in response to inflammation, are characterized by a ccr2RFP+/cx3cr1GFP− pattern35–37.”
From Social stress induces neurovascular pathology promoting depression (2017) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Ginhoux, F., & Jung, S.
- Affiliations
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Ginhoux, Florent
- Jung, Steffen
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Immunology
- Published
- 2014-05-23
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 392-404
- ISSN
- 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1741
- OpenAlex
- W2055620105
- Cited by
- 1,840
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 140 · 2023: 134 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 155 · 2020: 157 · 2019: 181 · 2018: 187 · 2017: 172 · 2016: 160 · 2015: 150 · 2014: 43
- FWCI
- 17.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Keywords
- monocytes, tissue macrophages, monocyte development, macrophage ontogeny, tissue homeostasis, self-renewal, inflammation, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Bone Marrow Cells, Dendritic Cells, Hematopoiesis, Homeostasis, Humans, Inflammation, Macrophages, Monocytes, Zebrafish, Mice
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