The DOI matches its Crossref record; 114 of the 115 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Eyes and IQ: A meta-analysis of the relationship between intelligence and “Reading the Mind in the Eyes”
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Despite its widespread application, this measure has been criticized for its association with verbal intelligence (Baker et al., 2014), concerns that it reflects emotion recognition rather than ToM (Oakley et al., 2016; see also Mar, 2018b), and that it might not be sensitive to interindividual differences within neurotypical populations (Black, 2019).”
From The effects of reading narrative fiction on social and moral cognition (2021) · cites this paper as Baker et al., 2014
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00076512 · Cited by 8,743
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00715 · Cited by 4,555
Meta-Analysis of Theory-of-Mind Development: The Truth about False Belief
Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00304 · Cited by 4,476
Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 4,313
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Wigan, E. (2007). Is general intelligence or social intelligence related to social network size? (Unpublished undergraduate thesis.) The University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Effect size guidelines for individual differences researchers
Gignac, G. E., & Szodorai, E. T. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.069 · Cited by 2,860
The Growing Importance of Social Skills in the Labor Market*
Deming, D. J. (2017) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjx022 · Cited by 1,727
“…AFQT and social skills is about 0.26 in the analysis sample, which is consistent with the modest positive correlations (between 0.25 and 0.35) found between IQ and social and emotional intelligence across a variety of meta-analyses and independent studies (Mayer et al. 2008; Baker et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBaron-Cohen, S., Bowen, D. C., Holt, R. J., Allison, C., Auyeung, B., Lombardo, M. V., Smith, P., & Lai, M.-C. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136521 · Cited by 238
“First, Eyes test performance has been associated with verbal IQ [110] or even performance IQ [111].”
BackgroundSex/Gender Differences in Camouflaging in Children and Adolescents with Autism
Wood‐Downie, H., Wong, B., Kovshoff, H., Mandy, W., Hull, L., & Hadwin, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04615-z · Cited by 236
The Growing Importance of Social Skills in the Labor Market
Deming, D. J. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w21473 · Cited by 218
Wade, M., Prime, H., Jenkins, J. M., Yeates, K. O., Williams, T. S., & Lee, K. (2018) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-018-1459-0 · Cited by 203
Scaling of Advanced Theory-of-Mind Tasks
Osterhaus, C., Koerber, S., & Sodian, B. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12566 · Cited by 147
Linden, A. H., & Hönekopp, J. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620964193 · Cited by 159
Warrier, V., Grasby, K. L., Uzefovsky, F., Toro, R., Smith, P. L., Chakrabarti, B., Khadake, J., Mawbey-Adamson, E., Litterman, N. K., Hottenga, J., et al. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.122 · Cited by 153
“A meta-analysis has identi fi ed a signi fi cant positive correlation between scores on the Eyes Test and IQ ( n = 3583; r =0.24; 95% CI: 0.16 – 0.32), 38 perhaps re fl ecting that the Eyes Test has a verbal component that includes a varied mental state lexicon (matching a mental state word to an…”
InfluentialPeñuelas‐Calvo, I., Sareen, A., Sevilla‐Llewellyn‐Jones, J., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3814-4 · Cited by 130
Baribeau, D. A., Doyle-Thomas, K. A. R., Dupuis, A., Iaboni, A., Crosbie, J., McGinn, H., Arnold, P. D., Brian, J., Kushki, A., Nicolson, R., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.03.016 · Cited by 111
Mar, R. A. (2018) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2018.1448209 · Cited by 108
“A more damning criticism is that RMET scores also reflect verbal intelligence (Baker, Peterson, Pulos, & Kirkland, 2014), with the meta-analytic estimate of their association equivalent to an r of .24 (95% CI [.13, .34]; Baker et al., 2014).”
BackgroundTheory of mind development from adolescence to adulthood: Testing the two‐component model
Meinhardt‐Injac, B., Daum, M. M., & Meinhardt, G. (2020) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12320 · Cited by 127
Exploring the relationship between video game expertise and fluid intelligence
Kokkinakis, A. V., Cowling, P., Drachen, A., & Wade, A. R. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186621 · Cited by 107
Team Players: How Social Skills Improve Team Performance
Weidmann, B., & Deming, D. J. (2021) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta18461 · Cited by 100
“Our second finding is that team players score significantly higher on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), a well-established and psychometrically valid measure of social intelligence (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001, Woolley et al. 2010, Baker et al. 2014, Engel et al. 2014).”
BackgroundStories and the Promotion of Social Cognition
Mar, R. A. (2018) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721417749654 · Cited by 112
Dodell‐Feder, D., Ressler, K. J., & Germine, L. T. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171800404x · Cited by 91
“, 2015), IQ (Baker et al., 2014), and educational attainment (Warrier et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialKittel, A. F. D., Olderbak, S. G., & Wilhelm, O. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191121996469 · Cited by 90
Gillespie, S. M., Garofalo, C., & Velotti, P. (2018) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.07.006 · Cited by 94
Gabriel, E. T., Oberger, R., Schmoeger, M., Deckert, M., Vockh, S., Auff, E., & Willinger, U. (2019) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01263-6 · Cited by 87
On literary fiction and its effects on theory of mind
Kidd, D., Ongis, M., & Castano, E. (2016) · Scientific Study of Literature · doi:10.1075/ssol.6.1.04kid · Cited by 72
Recent Advances and New Directions in Measuring Theory of Mind in Autistic Adults
Livingston, L. A., Carr, B. L., & Shah, P. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3823-3 · Cited by 82
Money Affects Theory of Mind Differently by Gender
Ridinger, G., & McBride, M. T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143973 · Cited by 72
Higgins, W. C., Kaplan, D. M., Deschrijver, E., & Ross, R. M. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102378 · Cited by 80
The Interplay of Empathy and Individualism in Support for Social Welfare Policies
Feldman, S., Huddy, L., Wronski, J., & Lown, P. L. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12620 · Cited by 64
What Do You Have in Mind? Measures to Assess Mental State Reasoning in Neuropsychiatric Populations
Eddy, C. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00425 · Cited by 68
Metaphor creates intimacy and temporarily enhances theory of mind
Bowes, A. E., & Katz, A. N. (2015) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-015-0508-4 · Cited by 61
The relationship between alexithymia and theory of mind: A systematic review
Pisani, S., Murphy, J., Conway, J. R., Millgate, E., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.036 · Cited by 77
Baglio, G., Blasi, V., Intra, F. S., Castelli, I., Massaro, D., Baglio, F., Valle, A., Zanette, M., & Marchetti, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01604 · Cited by 68
“Executive functions and FI are strictly embedded; in fact FI is also important to modulate the ToM as demonstrated in experiments with the Eyes Test, which is an advanced ToM task (Ibanez and Manes, 2012; Ibanez et al., 2013; Baker et al., 2014).”
MethodCognitive Skills, Strategic Sophistication, and Life Outcomes
Fé, E., Gill, D. M., & Prowse, V. L. (2022) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/720460 · Cited by 48
Meinhardt‐Injac, B., Daum, M. M., Meinhardt, G., & Persike, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00025 · Cited by 59
“Indeed, extensive expertise in processing these stimuli leads to similar brain specialization in the neighboring areas – fusiform face area for faces (FFA; McGugin et al., 2012) and in visual word form area for written words (Baker et al., 2007).”
BackgroundBaksh, R. A., Abrahams, S., Bertlich, M., Cameron, R., Jany, S., Dorrian, T., Baron‐Cohen, S., Allison, C. L., Smith, P. L., MacPherson, S. E., et al. (2020) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2020.1737236 · Cited by 46
“, 2017), we found that poorer performance on the ESCoT in the ASD group could not be explained by general cognitive abilities while performance on the traditional tests was predicted by VCI and PRI, similar to earlier work (Baker et al., 2014; Golan et al., 2006; Kaland et al., 2002; McDonald et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMaillefer, A. V., Udayar, S., & Fiori, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01078 · Cited by 52
“…Caruso et al., 2014), workplace flourishing and performance (Di Fabio and Saklofske, 2014; Wan et al., 2014), higher educational achievement (e.g., Bar-On, 2004; Zeidner et al., 2012), and various other physical and/or psychological outcomes (e.g., Palmer et al., 2002; Slaski and Cartwright,…”
BackgroundSocial cognition in autism and ADHD
Bölte, S. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106022 · Cited by 50
“Regarding IQ, general intelligence and verbal intelligence, specifically, impact an individual ’ s ability to cope with test demands, particularly for autistic individuals (Baker et al., 2014; Happ ´ e, 1995).”
van Schie, C. C., van Harmelen, A., Hauber, K., Boon, A. E., Crone, E. A., & Elzinga, B. M. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2016.1272788 · Cited by 38
“Furthermore, we checked for the influence of potential confounding variables: age (in years), gender, level of psychopathology (total VKP score), medication status (on or off), treatment duration (in months) and IQ (Baker, Peterson, Pulos, & Kirkland, 2014).”
An IRT Analysis of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test
Black, J. E. (2018) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2018.1447946 · Cited by 44
Interaction of HPA axis genetics and early life stress shapes emotion recognition in healthy adults
Hartling, C., Fan, Y., Weigand, A., Trilla, I., Gärtner, M., Bajbouj, M., Dziobek, I., & Grimm, S. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.030 · Cited by 39
What is theory of mind? A psychometric study of theory of mind and intelligence
Navarro, E. (2022) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101495 · Cited by 36
Miller, S. A. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197573174.001.0001 · Cited by 37
Higher-order mentalising and executive functioning
Launay, J., Pearce, E., Wlodarski, R., van Duijn, M. J., Carney, J., & Dunbar, R. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.021 · Cited by 34
Coyle, T. R., Elpers, K. E., Gonzalez, M. C., Freeman, J., & Baggio, J. A. (2018) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2018.10.006 · Cited by 36
“First, whereas prior studies have focused on the RMET or SST (Baker et al., 2014; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), the current study estimated a latent ToM factor based on both tests.”
BackgroundMethodMukerji, C., Lincoln, S. H., Dodell‐Feder, D., Nelson, C. A., & Hooker, C. I. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsz040 · Cited by 36
“, 2012) and general cognitive ability (Buitelaar et al., 1999; Baker et al., 2014) are related to social cognitive ability.”
BackgroundTella, M. D., Ardito, R. B., Dutto, F., & Adenzato, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74476-0 · Cited by 34
Age- and Sex-Specific Standard Scores for the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test
Kynast, J., Polyakova, M., Quinque, E. M., Hinz, A., Villringer, A., & Schroeter, M. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.607107 · Cited by 35
“With this, it is linked to the concept of lifespan development (Baltes, 1987).”
BackgroundRominger, C., Bleier, A., Fitz, W., Marksteiner, J., Fink, A., Papousek, I., & Weiss, E. M. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.05.006 · Cited by 30
“Premorbid verbal intelligencewas also correlatedwith affective ToM (Baker et al., 2014; Brüne, 2003; but see Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Hirao et al., 2008; Kelemen et al., 2005).”
Mindreading From the Eyes Declines With Aging – Evidence From 1,603 Subjects
Kynast, J., Quinque, E. M., Polyakova, M., Luck, T., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Baron‐Cohen, S., Hinz, A., Witte, A. V., Sacher, J., Villringer, A., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.550416 · Cited by 30
A new paper and pencil task reveals adult false belief reasoning bias
Coburn, P. I., Bernstein, D. M., & Begeer, S. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0606-0 · Cited by 29
Fossati, A., Somma, A., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., & Borroni, S. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2091 · Cited by 35
Simon, M., Németh, N., Gálber, M., Lakner, F. E., Csernela, E., Tényi, T., & Czéh, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00867 · Cited by 30
“24) between IQ and RMET performance without any significant difference between the effects of verbal and performative intelligence (54).”
BackgroundGillespie, S. M., Kongerslev, M., Sharp, C., Bo, S., & Abu-Akel, A. M. (2018) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0806-8 · Cited by 32
“Proxy scores for verbal IQ were controlled for based on specific evidence from a recent meta-analysis suggesting that IQ contributes to performance on the RMET [62].”
MethodTeam Players: How Social Skills Improve Group Performance
Weidmann, B., & Deming, D. J. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27071 · Cited by 35
Clinical and therapeutic role of mentalization in schizophrenia—a review
Dimopoulou, T., Tarazi, F. I., & Tsapakis, E.-M. (2017) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852916000687 · Cited by 25
Preti, A., Siddi, S., Marzola, E., & Daga, G. A. (2022) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-022-01393-8 · Cited by 26
“Performance on the RMET depends on intelligence quotient (IQ), and in particular, verbal IQ [9], and its psychometric properties vary according to the samples and version, especially its reliability and its links with self-report measures of empathy [10].”
BackgroundJavakhishvili, M., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01137-2 · Cited by 29
Lasagna, C. A., McLaughlin, M. M., Deng, W., Whiting, E. L., & Tso, I. F. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230258 · Cited by 28
A psychological exploration of empathy
Ferguson, H. J., & Wimmer, L. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003189978-5 · Cited by 25
Neurocognitive considerations when assessing Theory of Mind in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hamilton, K., Hoogenhout, M., & Malcolm‐Smith, S. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2016.1268141 · Cited by 24
“ToM also seems to require a certain level of general intellectual functioning to develop (Baker et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialWhy Do They Do It? The Psychology Behind Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents
Mazza, M., Lisci, F. M., Marzo, E. M., Masi, V. D., Abate, F., & Marano, G. (2025) · Pediatric Reports · doi:10.3390/pediatric17020026 · Cited by 25
“Factors such as age, verbal IQ, and clinical conditions influence ToM abilities during this stage [114,115].”
Structural Correlates of Reading the Mind in the Eyes in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sato, W., Uono, S., Kochiyama, T., Yoshimura, S., Sawada, R., Kubota, Y., Sakihama, M., & Toichi, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00361 · Cited by 20
“However, our findings and those of several previous studies in TD individuals showed that Eyes Test performance was correlated with IQ (e.g., Peterson and Miller, 2012; for a review see Baker et al., 2014).”
ResultThe eyes test is influenced more by artistic inclination and less by sex
Guariglia, P., Piccardi, L., Giaimo, F., Alaimo, S., ̈, G. M., & Antonucci, G. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00292 · Cited by 19
Theory of Mind and Language in Childhood Epilepsy
Bailey, K. M., & Im‐Bolter, N. (2019) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12230 · Cited by 19
Theory of Mind in Offending: A Systematic Review
Karoğlu, N., Ferguson, H. J., & Ciardha, C. Ó. (2021) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380211013143 · Cited by 22
“The widely used RMET-R has been criticized for its association with verbal intelligence (Baker et al., 2014) and concerns that it reflects emotion recognition rather than ToM (Oakley et al.”
MethodThe Relationship between Theory of Mind and Intelligence: A Formative g Approach
Navarro, E., Goring, S. A., & Conway, A. R. A. (2021) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence9010011 · Cited by 27
Wimmer, L., Currie, G., Friend, S., & Ferguson, H. J. (2021) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.1177/0276236621996244 · Cited by 18
“Despite its widespread application, this measure has been criticized for its association with verbal intelligence (Baker et al., 2014); there are also concerns that it reflects emotion recognition rather than ToM (Oakley et al., 2016; see also Mar, 2018b).”
BackgroundTheory of Mind Development in School-Aged Left-Behind Children in Rural China
Liu, Y., Yang, X., Li, J., Kou, E., Tian, H., & Huang, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01819 · Cited by 18
“First, many studies have documented the important role of general reasoning ability in children’s theory of mind development (Wilhelm et al., 2010; Ibanez et al., 2013; Baker et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPredictors of performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test
Eddy, C. M., & Hansen, P. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235529 · Cited by 21
The effects of reading narrative fiction on social and moral cognition
Wimmer, L., Currie, G., Friend, S., & Ferguson, H. J. (2021) · Scientific Study of Literature · doi:10.1075/ssol.21010.wim · Cited by 16
Baksh, R. A., Bugeja, T., & MacPherson, S. E. (2020) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617719001450 · Cited by 19
“Indeed, our own work has shown that ESCoT performance is not associated with perceptual reasoning or verbal comprehension abilities (Baksh et al., 2018) compared to other social cognitive tests (Baker et al., 2014; Charlton et al., 2009; Maylor et al., 2002; Sullivan & Ruffman, 2004).”
BackgroundPagni, B. A., Walsh, M. J. M., Rogers, C., & Braden, B. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2020.571408 · Cited by 20
“Compared to NT adults, intellectually-able adults with ASD reliably demonstrate poorer performance on the RME, Mental State Voices, Strange Stories, and Faux Pas tests (Kleinman et al., 2001; BaronCohen and Wheelwright, 2004; Spek et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodThe relationship between “Eyes Reading” ability and verbal memory in bipolar disorder
Dalkner, N., Bengesser, S., Birner, A., Fellendorf, F. T., Hamm, C., Platzer, M., Pilz, R., Queissner, R., Rieger, A., Weber, B., et al. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.015 · Cited by 18
Pequet, A., & Warnell, K. R. (2020) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12468 · Cited by 19
Poveda, B., Abrahams, S., Baksh, R. A., MacPherson, S. E., & Evans, J. J. (2021) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617721001223 · Cited by 14
“Indeed, previous findings, including our own, have found that verbal ability predicts performance on traditional social cognition tests (Baker et al., 2014; Baksh et al., 2018, 2020b; McDonald et al., 2003).”
da Costa, H. P., Vrabel, J. K., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Vonk, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2018.05.001 · Cited by 16
Xiong, H., Peterson, J. B., & Scott, S. (2020) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2020.100922 · Cited by 17
Emotion recognition ability and career success: Assessing the roles of GMA and conscientiousness
Kranefeld, I., & Blickle, G. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110370 · Cited by 17
EmBody/EmFace as a new open tool to assess emotion recognition from body and face expressions
Lott-Sandkamp, L. L., Spengler, F. B., Stächele, T., Schiller, B., & Heinrichs, M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17866-w · Cited by 16
“With regard to convergent validity, we found significant positive associations between scores in the EmBody and the EmFace and the performance in the RMET, which is the most widely used test for emotion recognition 18,55 .”
BackgroundWinters, D. E., & Sakai, J. T. (2023) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2023.2195154 · Cited by 15
“Baker et al., 2014); however, given that it is unlikely it changed in the period of time it took to complete the task – IQ was plausibly stable and did not impact the change in complex aToM observed here.”
BackgroundListener-oriented phonetic reduction and theory of mind
Turnbull, R. (2019) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2019.1579349 · Cited by 14
“The IQ and RMITE scores are positively correlated, consistent with the findings of Baker et al. (2014).”
ResultGallant, C., & Good, D. (2019) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2019.1612946 · Cited by 19
Reading the mind in the eyes and cognitive ability in schizophrenia- and autism spectrum disorders
Alvarez, R., Velthorst, E., Pinkham, A. E., Ludwig, K., Alamansa, J., Gaigg, S., Penn, D. L., Harvey, P. D., & Fett, A.-K. J. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723002052 · Cited by 13
“…moderate to strong associations have previously been reported for controls (Peñuelas-Calvo et al., 2019) and samples including controls, ASD and SZ (Baker, Peterson, Pulos, & Kirkland, 2014; Peñuelas-Calvo, Sareen, Porras-Segovia, Cegla-Schvatzman, & Fernandez-Berrocal, 2021; Seo et al., 2020).”
BackgroundRosso, A. M., & Riolfo, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586065 · Cited by 15
“On the contrary, the most recent meta-analyses (Baker et al., 2014; Peñuelas-Calvo et al., 2019) found that intelligence played a significant role in adults’ non-clinical performance on the RMET and that verbal and performance abilities equally contribute to this relationship.”
ResultNahal, P., Hurd, P. L., Read, S., & Crespi, B. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665721 · Cited by 13
“The main largescale correlates of better RMET scores include female sex, better verbal abilities, and, in some studies, measures of higher general intelligence (12, 23, 24).”
BackgroundExplaining Variance in Social Symptoms of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Alkire, D. R., Warnell, K. R., Kirby, L., Moraczewski, D., & Redcay, E. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04598-x · Cited by 16
Cognitive Skills, Strategic Sophistication, and Life OutcomesPreprint
Fé, E., Gill, D. M., & Prowse, V. L. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3737798 · Cited by 13
Murphy, B. A., & Hall, J. A. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102506 · Cited by 13
Seo, E., Koo, S. J., Kim, Y. J., Min, J. E., Park, H. Y., Bang, M., Lee, E. M., & An, S. K. (2020) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2019.0281 · Cited by 12
Theory of Mind and Moral Decision-Making in the Context of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ringshaw, J. E., Hamilton, K., & Malcolm‐Smith, S. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05055-z · Cited by 18
Neural bases of social deficits in ADHD: A systematic review. Does the Theory of Mind matter?
Novák, L., Maliňáková, K., Trnka, R., Mikoška, P., Svěrák, T., Kiiski, H. S. M., Tavel, P., & van Dijk, J. P. (2024) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111011 · Cited by 12
“The Reading Mind in the Eyes Test - RMET) is influenced by the participant ’ s IQ (see meta-analysis of Baker (Baker et al., 2014)).”
MethodSocial perception in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Stevens, S. A., Clairman, H., Nash, K., & ROVET, J. F. (2016) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2016.1246657 · Cited by 11
Baltazar, M., Geoffray, M., Chatham, C. H., Bouvard, M. P., Teruel, A. M., Monnet, D., Scheid, I., Murzi, E., Couffin-Cadièrgues, S., Umbricht, D., et al. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2390 · Cited by 10
Isaksson, J., Neufeld, J., & Bölte, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.575100 · Cited by 14
Fithall, K., Gray, I. E., Linardon, J., Phillipou, A., Donaldson, P. H., Albein‐Urios, N., Enticott, P. G., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., & Kirkovski, M. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01306-z · Cited by 10
Having siblings is associated with better mentalizing abilities in adults
Lo, R. F., & Mar, R. A. (2022) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101193 · Cited by 10
To the Roots of Theory of Mind Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Narrative Review
Polónyiová, K., Kruyt, J., & Ostatníková, D. (2024) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-024-00457-y · Cited by 18
“…used tests of ToM, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, created by Baron-Cohen, has been used in many studies along with IQ tests, and the majority of these studies showed a positive correlation between ToM and IQ, with no differences between verbal and nonverbal IQ tests (Baker et al., 2014).”
Mind Reading in Films Task to Assess Social Cognitive Deficits in Autism Spectrum Conditions
TAHAZADEH, S., Barahmand, U., Yaghooti, F., & Nazari, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · doi:10.24193/jebp.2020.2.13 · Cited by 10
Peñuelas‐Calvo, I., Sareen, A., Porras‐Segovia, A., Cegla-Schvartzman, F., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642799 · Cited by 9
Kim, S. W., Moon, S.-Y., Hwang, W. J., Lho, S. K., Oh, S., Lee, T. Y., Kim, M., & Kwon, J. S. (2020) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0264 · Cited by 9
Sex/Gender Differences in Camouflaging in Children and Adolescents with Autism
(2020) · Children and Young People Now · doi:10.12968/cypn.2020.12.46 · Cited by 11
Theory-of-mind ability and cooperation
Ridinger, G., & McBride, M. T. (2025) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2025.106895 · Cited by 10
Livingston, L. A., Shah, P., & Happe, F. G. E. (2023) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218231165251 · Cited by 9
“…performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al., 2001), which requires participants to infer mental states from photos of the eye region, correlates highly with verbal ability (Baker et al., 2014) and education level (Dodell-Feder et al., 2014).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Baker, C. A., Peterson, E., Pulos, S., & Kirkland, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Northern Colorado (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baker, Crystal A.
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 44
- Pages
- 78-92
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2021038216
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, theory of mind, IQ, verbal ability, performance capacity, social cognition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
