Stimulatory effect of antidepressants on the production of IL-6
Abstract
A body of evidence indicates that the therapeutic activity of antidepressants is connected with their modulatory effect on the inflammatory response system and cell-mediated immunity. The present study was carried out to examine the effects of antidepressant agents, such as imipramne, venlafaxine, l-5-hydroxytryptophan, fluoxetine and a combination of l-5-hydroxytryptophan and fluoxetine, on the production of the pleotrophic cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6. Diluted whole blood from fluoxetine-treated patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) (mean age: 50.6+/-3.9 years), age-matched healthy controls (mean age: 51.6+/-1.7 years) and younger healthy volunteers (mean age: 35.4+/-1.7 years) was stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 48 h with or without incubation with the antidepressants at 10(-6) and 10(-5) M. The major findings of this study are: (1). imipramine and venlafaxine (at the higher concentration), 5-HTP (at lower and higher concentrations) and a combination of 5-HTP and fluoxetine (both at the lower concentration) increased the production of IL-6; (2). all drugs used did not affect TNF-alpha production. IL-6 production was significantly higher in depressed patients than in age-matched volunteers, whereas TNF-alpha production was significantly higher in older volunteers than in younger ones. We speculate that the therapeutic activity of these antidepressants is at least partly connected with their effect on the cytokine network and IL-6 production.
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Some studies have demonstrated that antidepressants decrease inflammatory cytokines, others report either no effect or even increased levels.
“Although some studies have demonstrated that antidepressants decrease inflammatory cytokines (38, 39), others report either no effect (31, 40, 41) or even increased levels (42, 43).”
From Individual differences in the peripheral immune system promote resilience versus susceptibility to social stress (2014) · cites this paper as [42]
The literature describing the effects of standard antidepressants on systemic inflammation is highly mixed.
“Indeed, the literature describing the effects of standard antidepressants on systemic inflammation is highly mixed.”
From Individual differences in the peripheral immune system promote resilience versus susceptibility to social stress (2014) · cites this paper as [42]
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Protective Effects of Fluoxetine on Decompression Sickness in Mice
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Somatic Drugs for Psychiatric Diseases: Aspirin or Simvastatin for Depression?
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The neurodegenerative hypothesis of depression and the influence of antidepressant medications
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Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of acute retinal artery occlusion
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In immune defense: redefining the role of the immune system in chronic disease
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Bosentan, a mixed endothelin receptor antagonist, induces antidepressant-like activity in mice
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Immune Activation and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in HIV Infection
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Probable fluoxetine-induced carotidynia
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Hyperbaric oxygen-associated seizure leading to stroke
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Study on anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of fluoxetine in rat models of inflammation
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Lost at sea: the medicine, physiology and psychology of prolonged immersion
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Delayed hyperbaric intervention in life-threatening decompression illness
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Neurological Disorders, Depression and Inflammation: Is there a Common Link?
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- Authors
- Kubera, M., Kenis, G., Bosmans, E., Kajta, M., Basta-Kaim, A., Scharpe, S., Budziszewska, B., & Maes, M.
- Affiliations
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology (PL)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kubera, Marta
- Venue
- International Immunopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-02
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 185-192
- ISSN
- 1567-5769 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2040924241
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Immunopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- antidepressants, interleukin-6, TNF-α, imipramine, venlafaxine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, fluoxetine, treatment-resistant depression, cytokine production, inflammation, cell-mediated immunity, phytohemagglutinin, lipopolysaccharide
- MeSH terms
- Venlafaxine Hydrochloride, Adult, Age Factors, Aging, Antidepressive Agents, Blood Cells, Cyclohexanols, Depressive Disorder, Drug Combinations, Female, Fluoxetine, Humans, 5-Hydroxytryptophan, Imipramine, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-6, In Vitro Techniques
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