Working on self-compassion online: a proof of concept and feasibility study

Krieger, Tobias; Martig, Dominik Sander; van den Brink, Erik; Berger, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.10.001

Cited by 81Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsDigital Mental Health InterventionsPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

Working on self-compassion online: a proof of concept and feasibility study

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Krieger, Tobias, Martig, Dominik Sander, van den Brink, Erik, Berger, Thomas·2016·Internet Interventions

DOI 10.1016/j.invent.2016.10.001PMC PMC6096262

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Low self-compassion has repeatedly been associated with psychopathology. There are many promising face-to-face group format interventions focusing on self-compassion. We investigated the feasibility of an online self-compassion program. DESIGN: A feasibility and proof-of-concept study of an online adapted Mindfulness-based Compassionate Living (MBCL) program. PARTICIPANTS: Self-referred participants suffering from harsh self-criticism (N = 39) were offered an online program and were asked to complete outcome measures at baseline, after 8 weeks (post-intervention) and after 14 weeks (follow-up). INTERVENTION: The online program consisted of seven sessions, including a first session introducing mindfulness and mindfulness meditation followed by a six-session adaptation of the MBCL program. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) was the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures were the Forms of Self-criticizing/Attacking and Self-reassuring Scale (FSCRS), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the Comprehensive Inventory of Mindfulness Experience (CHIME), the Fear of Self-compassion (FSC), and the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ). Additionally, we assessed satisfaction with the program and negative effects related to the program. Furthermore, we used several measures of program usage (number of processed modules, number of logins, time spent in the program, number of diary entries, number of entries in completed exercises). RESULTS: s = 0.50-1.50) and comparable to those found within a face-to-face group format in a similar sample. Time spent in the program significantly predicted self-compassion at post. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pilot study are promising. However, they must be seen as preliminary since replication in a randomized controlled trial, with clinical measures/diagnoses and a longer follow-up period, is necessary.

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Self-compassion scores continued to increase when assessed three months post-treatment suggesting that participants likely continued to put into practice what they had learned and highlighting the importance of such practice.
“Self-compassion scores continued to increase when assessed three months post-treatment suggesting that participants likely continued to put into practice what they had learned and highlighting the importance of such practice (Finlay-Jones et al., 2017; Krieger et al., 2016).”
From Increasing access to pain management: Feasibility of a self-compassion psychoeducational website using a minimally monitored delivery model (2021) · cites this paper as Krieger et al., 2016
In Results > Maintenance of intervention effects, self-compassion scores fell from 3.17 post-treatment to 2.97 at the six-week follow-up; they did not continue to increase at a three-month assessment. The Discussion says the authors did not assess whether participants continued the exercises, so the proposed explanation is not established by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.92)
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Higher levels of adherence have been reported for more structured Internet-based programs on self-compassion, ACT or CBT.
“Higher levels of adherence have been reported for more structured Internet-based programs on self-compassion (Krieger et al., 2016), ACT or CBT (e.g., Dear et al., 2015; Trompetter et al., 2015).”
From Increasing access to pain management: Feasibility of a self-compassion psychoeducational website using a minimally monitored delivery model (2021) · cites this paper as Krieger et al., 2016
The Methods (Intervention; page unavailable) describe a structured, seven-session online self-compassion program, and the Discussion reports 78% completion. The paper does not compare adherence with less structured programs, so it supports the reported completion level but not the claim that adherence was higher because the program was more structured. The ACT and CBT citations are separate and are not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In a feasibility study of an 8-week online adapted Mindfulness-based Compassionate Living program provided with the guidance of a psychologist on request, data on adherence was reported for study completers only; on average, completers initiated work on 4.9 modules out of 7.
“In a feasibility study of an 8-week online adapted Mindfulness-based Compassionate Living program provided with the guidance of a psychologist on request, data on adherence was reported for study completers only (Krieger et al., 2016). On average, completers initiated work on 4.9 modules out of 7.”
From Increasing access to pain management: Feasibility of a self-compassion psychoeducational website using a minimally monitored delivery model (2021) · cites this paper as Krieger et al., 2016

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Shahar B. Szsepsenwol O. Zilcha-Mano S. Haim N. Zamir O. Levi-Yeshuvi S. Levit-Binnun N. A wait-list randomized controlled trial of loving-kindness meditation programme for self-criticism Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 2014 24633992

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Additional file 1 of Online compassion-based self-help for depression in people with skin conditions: a feasibility study
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Additional file 2 of Online compassion-based self-help for depression in people with skin conditions: a feasibility study
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Short Online Compassionate Intervention Based On Mindful Self-compassion Program
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An Internet-Based Compassion-Focused Intervention for Increased Self-Criticism: A Randomized Controlled Trial
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Effect of the intervention mindfulness based compassionate living on the - level of self - criticism and self – compassion
Ondrejková, N., Halamová, J., & Strnádelová, B. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00799-w · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Authors: Krieger, T., Martig, D. S., van den Brink, E., & Berger, T.
Affiliations: University of Bern (CH)
Corresponding author: Krieger, Tobias
ORCID: Krieger, Tobias
Berger, Thomas
Venue: Internet Interventions
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-11
Volume: 6
Pages: 64-70
ISSN: 2214-7829 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2016.10.001
PMC: PMC6096262
OpenAlex: W2530838685
Cited by: 81
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 6.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Internet Interventions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords: self-compassion, online intervention, mindfulness meditation, feasibility, proof of concept, fear of self-compassion, perceived stress, life satisfaction, program usage, digital mental health

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