Securing the Internet of Things: Challenges, threats and solutions
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the next technological leap that will introduce significant improvements to various aspects of the human environment, such as health, commerce, and transport. However, despite the fact that it may bring beneficial economic and social changes, the security and the privacy protection of objects and users remain a crucial challenge that has to be addressed. Specifically, now the security measures have to monitor and control the actions both of users and objects. However, the interconnected and independent nature of objects, as well as their constrained capabilities regarding the computing resources make impossible the applicability of the conventional security mechanisms. Moreover, the heterogeneity of various technologies which the IoT combines increases the complexity of the security processes, since each technology is characterized by different vulnerabilities. Furthermore, the tremendous amounts of data which is generated by the multiple interactions between the users and objects or among the objects make harder their management and the functionality of the access control systems. In this context, this paper intends to provide a comprehensive security analysis of the IoT, by examining and assessing the potential threats and countermeasures. More detailed, after studying and determining the security requirements in the context of the IoT, we implement a qualitative and quantitative risk analysis, investigating the security threats per layer. Subsequently, based on this process we identify the suitable countermeasures and their limitations, paying special attention to the IoT protocols. Finally, we provide research directions for future work.
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Jamming and MiTM attacks are dangerous in the hardware layer, affecting PHY and MAC communication protocols even though encryption mechanisms are in place.
“Jamming and MiTM (Man in The Middle) attacks are the dangerous ones in the hardware layer [11] affecting the physical layer (PHY) and media access control (MAC) layer communication protocols even though encryption mechanisms are in place.”
From IoT cyber risk: A holistic analysis of cyber risk assessment frameworks, risk vectors, and risk ranking process (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Radoglou Grammatikis, P. I., Sarigiannidis, P. G., & Moscholios, I. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Western Macedonia (GR)
- University of Peloponnese (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Sarigiannidis, Panagiotis G.
- Venue
- Internet of Things
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-03
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 41-70
- ISSN
- 2542-6605 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2903220614
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 179
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 19
- FWCI
- 20.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Internet of Things (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Security and Intrusion Detection
- Keywords
- Internet of Things security, IoT threats, security countermeasures, privacy preservation, risk analysis, IoT protocols, resource-constrained devices, access control, security requirements
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