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Cited by 202Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

The Preschool Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study (PATS) 6-Year Follow-Up

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Riddle, Mark A., Yershova, Kseniya, Lazzaretto, Deborah, Paykina, Natalya, Yenokyan, Gayane, Greenhill, Laurence, Abikoff, Howard, Vitiello, Benedetto +11 more·2013·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.007PMC PMC3660093
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Abstract

Objective To describe the clinical course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom severity and diagnosis from ages 3 to 5 up to 9 to 12 years during a 6-year follow-up after the original Preschool ADHD Treatment Study (PATS).Method A total of 207 participants (75% male) from the original PATS, assessed at baseline (mean age, 4.4 years, when all met criteria for ADHD) and 3 months later (before medication treatment), were re-evaluated in three follow-up assessment visits (year 3, mean age 7.4 years; year 4, 8.3 years; and year 6, 10.4 years). Parents and teachers rated symptom severity, and clinicians established psychiatric diagnoses. Analyses examined longitudinal changes in symptom severity and ADHD diagnosis.Results Parent- and teacher-rated symptom severity decreased from baseline to year 3 but remained relatively stable and in the moderate-to-severe clinical range through year 6. Girls showed generally steeper decreases in symptom T-scores. At year 6, 89% (160/180) of remaining participants met ADHD symptom and impairment diagnostic criteria. Comorbidity of oppositional defiant disorder and/or conduct disorder was associated with a 30% higher risk of having an ADHD diagnosis at year 6 in the multiple logistic model. Medication status during follow-up, on versus off, did not predict symptom severity change from year 3 to year 6 after adjustment for other variables.Conclusions ADHD in preschoolers is a relatively stable diagnosis over a 6-year period. The course is generally chronic, with high symptom severity and impairment, in very young children with moderate-to-severe ADHD, despite treatment with medication. Development of more effective ADHD intervention strategies is needed for this age group.

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Authors
Riddle, M. A., Yershova, K., Lazzaretto, D., Paykina, N., Yenokyan, G., Greenhill, L., Abikoff, H., Vitiello, B., Wigal, T., McCracken, J. T., Kollins, S. H., Murray, D. W., Wigal, S., Kastelic, E., McGough, J. J., dosReis, S., Bauzó-Rosario, A., Stehli, A., & Posner, K.
Affiliations
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
  • New York University (US)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • University of California, Irvine (US)
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • Duke University (US)
  • University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
Corresponding author
Riddle, Mark A.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2013-03
Volume
52
Issue
3
Pages
264-278.e2
ISSN
0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.007
PMC
PMC3660093
OpenAlex
W2137537295
Cited by
202
References
70
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 16
FWCI
18.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Public Health Service (U01H60900)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (U01 MH 60943, U01MH060903, U01 MH60833, U01MH060848, U01MH060642, U01 MH 60642, U01 MH60903, U01MH060833, U01MH060943, U01 MH60848)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, preschool children, symptom severity, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, comorbidities, ADHD medication, ADHD treatment
MeSH terms
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Factors, Time Factors, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Comorbidity, Logistic Models, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Disease Progression, Conduct Disorder

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