Natural Outcome of ADHD With Developmental Coordination Disorder at Age 22 Years: A Controlled, Longitudinal, Community-Based Study
Abstract
Objective There is a need for controlled longitudinal studies in the field of attention disorders in the general population. Method In a community-based follow-up study, 55 of 61 subjects aged 22 years, who had attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without comorbid developmental coordination disorder (DCD) at initial workup at age 7 years, were compared, on a multitude of outcome variables, with 46 of 51 age-matched subjects without such diagnoses. None of the subjects had received stimulant treatment. Psychiatrists performing the follow-up study were blind to original diagnostic group status. Results In the ADHD/DCD group 58% had a poor outcome compared with 13% in the comparison group (p < .001). Remaining symptoms of ADHD, antisocial personality disorder, alcohol abuse, criminal offending, reading disorders, and low educational level were overrepresented in the ADHD/DCD groups. The combination of ADHD and DCD appeared to carry a particularly gloomy outlook. Conclusions Childhood ADHD and DCD appears to be a most important predictor of poor psychosocial functioning in early adulthood. It would seem appropriate to screen for such disorders in schools and clinics so that therapies may be started early.
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ADHD is among the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood and persists into adulthood in the majority of cases.
“Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood that persists into adulthood in the majority of cases.”
From European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD (2010) · cites this paper as [11]
Follow-up studies show ADHD persists during adolescence and adulthood in around two-thirds of individuals, either as full disorder or partial remission with impairing symptoms.
“Numerous follow-up studies of children with ADHD show that the disorder persists during adolescence and adulthood in around two-thirds of individuals [3-11] either as the full blown disorder or in 'partial remission' with persistence of some symptoms associated with continued clinical and psychosocial impairments.”
From European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD (2010) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- RASMUSSEN, P., & GILLBERG, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- RASMUSSEN, PEDER
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-11
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1424-1431
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2154935929
- Cited by
- 728
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
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- FWCI
- 8.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Swedish Medical Research Council (grant K98-21X-11251-04A)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, developmental coordination disorder, comorbidities, long-term outcomes, early adulthood, psychosocial functioning, antisocial personality disorder, alcohol abuse, offending, reading disorders, educational attainment, screening
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Prognosis, Social Problems, Sweden, Comorbidity, Case-Control Studies, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Motor Skills Disorders
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