Early development of comorbidity between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) are among the most common childhood disorders and frequently co-occur. The present study sought to advance our understanding of how comorbidity between ADHD and ODD develops during the preschool years by testing a cross-lagged model that integrates 2 prominent models: the developmental precursor model and the correlated risk factors model. Participants were 199 children (107 boys) who took part in a longitudinal study of preschoolers with behavior problems. Parent reports of ADHD and ODD symptoms were collected annually from ages 3 to 6 and a family history interview was administered at age 3. In support of the developmental precursors model, ADHD symptoms predicted later argumentative/defiant symptoms. In support of the correlated risk factors model, family histories of ADHD and ODD/CD symptoms were correlated risk factors that uniquely predicted ADHD and anger/irritable symptoms in children. Results suggest that the correlated risk factors model may best explain the development of comorbidity between symptoms of ADHD and anger/irritability, whereas the developmental precursors model may better explain the development of comorbidity between symptoms of ADHD and argumentative/defiance.
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Early onset of comorbidity between ADHD and ODD or CD represents a risk factor for the appearance of late ADHD symptoms, such as anger and irritability in young people.
“the early onset of a comorbidity between ADHD and ODD or CD represents a risk factor for the appearance of late ADHD symptoms, such as anger and irritability in young people”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Harvey et al., 2016
The Discussion (Correlated Risk Factors Model; page unavailable) identifies family histories of ADHD and ODD/CD—not early comorbidity itself—as correlated risk factors that independently predict ADHD and anger/irritability, respectively. The paper also classifies anger/irritability as an ODD symptom, not a late ADHD symptom, and reports that ADHD symptoms predicted later argumentative/defiant symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSymptoms originating from ADHD disrupt family functioning and consequently contribute to the development of ODD symptoms.
“the symptoms originating from ADHD disrupt family functioning and, consequently, contribute to the development of ODD symptoms”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Harvey et al., 2016
The ‘Theoretical Models of Comorbidity Between ADHD and ODD’ section describes the proposed pathway: ADHD symptoms may disrupt family functioning and thereby place children at risk for ODD. But it presents this as a theory, not an established causal finding. The ‘Developmental Precursors Model’ discussion says the causal mechanisms still need to be identified. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWhen ADHD, CD, and ODD emerge in adolescence, the reviewed literature attributes greater responsibility to environmental factors.
“when the disorders emerge in adolescence, the reviewed literature attributes greater responsibility to environmental factors”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Harvey et al., 2016
The Discussion’s “Correlated Risk Factors Model” section suggests that ODD expressed in later childhood or adolescence may be more influenced by environmental causes. It presents this as a possibility, not an established finding, and does not make the same age-specific claim about ADHD or CD. Page numbers are not available in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEarly expression of ODD may be more influenced by genetic factors, whereas later expression in childhood or adolescence may be more influenced by environmental causes.
“the early expression of ODD may be more in fl uenced by genetic factors, whereas later expression of ODD in childhood or adolescence may be more in fl uenced by environmental causes”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Harvey, Breaux, & Lugo-Candelas, 2016
ADHD symptoms may affect the family environment in a way that predisposes towards the development of behavioral manifestations of ODD.
“ADHD symptoms may a ff ect the family environment in the sense that, in turn, they predispose towards the development of behavioral manifestations of ODD”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Harvey et al., 2016
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Oppositional defiant disorder: current insight
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“34 A school-based study from South Korea (n = 2,693) showed that distinctive temperamental and emotional/behavioral characteristics were associated with ODD and that these were independent of ADHD.”
Muratori, P., Conversano, C., Levantini, V., Masi, G., Milone, A., Villani, S., Bögels, S. M., & Gemignani, A. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054720915256 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is among the most frequent ADHD comorbidities (Harvey et al., 2016; Reale et al., 2017).”
BackgroundAtherton, O. E., Ferrer, E., & Robins, R. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000489 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Delay and Probability Discounting as Candidate Markers for Dementia: An Initial Investigation
Lindbergh, C. A., Puente, A. N., Gray, J. C., MacKillop, J. M., & Miller, L. S. (2014) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acu043 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Executive dysfunction is among the earliest symptoms of AD, often preceding decline in other cognitivedomains (Albert, Moss, Tanzi, & Jones, 2001; Baudic et al., 2006; Bondi et al., 2002; Brandt et al., 2009; Busse, Hensel, Guhne, Angermeyer, & Riedel-Heller, 2006; Chen et al., 2009; Perry, Watson, & Hodges, 2000; Twa…”
BackgroundVisser, L., Linkersdörfer, J., & Hasselhorn, M. (2019) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103552 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hyperactivity precedes conduct problems in preschool children: a longitudinal study
Gustafsson, B. M., Danielsson, H., Granlund, M., Gustafsson, P. A., & Proczkowska, M. (2018) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.20 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Freichel, R., Pfirrmann, J., de Jong, P., Cousijn, J., Franken, I., Oldehinkel, A., Veer, I., & Wiers, R. (2023) · JAACAP Open · doi:10.1016/j.jaacop.2023.11.001 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Barker, E. D., Walton, E., Cecil, C. A. M., Rowe, R., Jaffee, S. R., Maughan, B., O’Connor, T. G., Stringaris, A. K., Meehan, A. J., McArdle, W. L., et al. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12957 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“With respect to the biological pathways analysis, we found that 108 genes (see Table S5 for complete list) overlapped between ODD and ADHD (p .001 across both phenotypes).”
BackgroundInfluentialNetwork analysis of reflective functioning and conduct problems during adolescence.
Morosan, L., Fonseca‐Pedrero, E., & Debbané, M. (2019) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000258 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Joseph, H. M., Kennedy, T. M., Gnagy, E. M., Perlman, S. B., Pelham, W. E., & Molina, B. S. G. (2018) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0819-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Alternatively, poor behavior regulation and the development of ODD in the offspring of fathers with childhood ADHD could reflect impairments in early parenting when the neurobiological underpinnings of self-regulation develops among infants and toddlers [46, 47].”
BackgroundRodrigues, J. M., Mestre, M., Matos, L. C., & Machado, J. P. (2018) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.01.019 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Liu, J., Jiang, Z., Li, F., Zheng, Y., Cui, Y., Xu, H., & Li, Y. (2025) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-025-00558-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The symptoms of ADHD-C/ADHD-H and ODD/CD were found to be correlated and changed concurrently [50].”
Mohammadi, M. R., Salmanian, M., Hooshyari, Z., Shakiba, A., Alavi, S. S., Ahmadi, A., Khaleghi, A., Zarafshan, H., Mostafavi, S., Alaghmand, A., et al. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0416 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lamanna, A. L., Craig, F., Matera, E., Simone, M., Buttiglione, M., & Margari, L. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s132214 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Liu, X., Lin, X., Heath, M. A., Zhou, Q., Ding, W., & Qin, S. (2018) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000466 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Zhang, W., He, T., Hinshaw, S. P., Chi, P., & Lin, X. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02347-w · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“However, we also found that ODD symptoms positively predicted ADHD symptoms, similar to some of the past cross-lagged literature [19].”
Vrachimi‐Souroulla, A., Panteli, M., Robinson, J. D., & Panayiotou, G. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.11.007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Antúnez, Z., de la Osa, N., Granero, R., & Ezpeleta, L. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22504 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Øvergaard, K. R., Oerbeck, B., Friis, S., Biele, G., Pripp, A. H., Aase, H., & Zeiner, P. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000722 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Booker, J. A., Capriola-Hall, N. N., Greene, R. W., & Ollendick, T. H. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1555761 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Liu, T.-Y., Ko, W.-T., Griffiths, M. D., Pakpour, A. H., Üztemur, S., Ahorsu, D. K., Huang, P., & Lin, C. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104338 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Impulsivity as key bridge symptoms in cross‐sectional and longitudinal networks of ADHD and ODD
Bansal, P. S., Goh, P. K., Southward, M. W., Sizemore, Y. J., & Martel, M. M. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13863 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ezpeleta, L., Navarro, J. B., de la Osa, N., Penelo, E., & Domenech, J. M. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022493 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Child risk factors include genetic influences,(15) difficult temperament,(16) difficulties in processing social information,(17) sex(18) and ADHD.(19) The contextual factors reported include socioeconomic status (SES), parenting practices, parental psychopathology, family conflict and poor attachment.”
BackgroundDentz, A., Martin-Söelch, C., Fahim, C., Torsello, A., Parent, V., Ponsioen, A., Guay, M., Bioulac, S., Clément, C., Bader, M., et al. (2024) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2023.04.010 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kim, H., Jung, E., Lee, T., Kim, S., & Kim, H. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0091 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“44 The developmental precursors model suggests that symptoms of ADHD may lead to the development of ODD since the patients are exposed to negative parenting practices, family stress, and peer rejection.”
BackgroundKlemp, M., Dose, C., Hautmann, C., Jendreizik, L. T., Mühlenmeister, J., Plück, J., Wähnke, L., & Döpfner, M. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01462-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“ADHD symptoms seem to be more strongly determined by genetic influences than do ODD symptoms [45, 46], whereas a recent twin study demonstrated a strong influence of environmental factors on the development of ODD symptoms [30, 47].”
BackgroundNeural Processing of Threat Cues in Young Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Symptoms
Flegenheimer, C., Lugo-Candelas, C. I., Harvey, E. A., & McDermott, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1286593 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly Development of ADHD and ODD Symptoms from the Toddler to Preschool Years
Brown, H. R., Laws, H. B., & Harvey, E. A. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547211068042 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationKallitsoglou, A., & Repana, V. (2021) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2021.1984192 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bell, Z. E., Fristad, M. A., Youngstrom, E. A., Arnold, L. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Findling, R. L., Birmaher, B., & Horwitz, S. M. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.05.018 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
He, T., Su, J.-N., Jiang, Y.-Q., Qin, S., Chi, P., & Lin, X. (2020) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-00974-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chad-Friedman, E., Galano, M. M., Lemay, E. P., Olino, T. M., Klein, D. N., & Dougherty, L. R. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001267 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pauli‐Pott, U., Bauer, L., Becker, K., Mann, C., Müller, V., & Schloß, S. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01625-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Calub, C. A., Rapport, M. D., Irurita, C., Eckrich, S. J., & Bohil, C. J. (2022) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2022.2047913 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Irritability, Defiant and Obsessive-Compulsive Problems Development from Childhood to Adolescence
Ezpeleta, L., Penelo, E., Navarro, J. B., de la Osa, N., & Trepat, E. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01528-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“M (SD) 4.3 (2.6) 3.8 (1.9) 4.0 (2.3) 3.3 (1.4) n.s ADHD (”
BackgroundInfluentialSymptoms of oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and anger in children with ADHD
Mphahlele, R. M., Pillay, B. J., & Meyer, A. (2023) · South African Journal of Education · doi:10.15700/saje.v43n1a2136 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…of age differences is that the mean age of the sample was 10 years, with the majority being pre-adolescents, when rates of impulsiveness are known to be more pronounced (Azeredo et al., 2018; Harvey et al., 2016), and brain changes due to hormonal action (Dir et al., 2019) are not yet established.”
BackgroundDiagnostic Issues for ODD/CD with ADHD Comorbidity
Hudec, K. L., & Mikami, A. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119092254.ch4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
D’Aiello, B., Vara, S. D., Rossi, P. D., Vicari, S., & Menghini, D. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299449 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“It is estimated that about half of children with ADHD also meet the diagnostic criteria for ODD [52].”
BackgroundNayda, C., Gould, J. F., & Roberts, R. (2021) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2021.1944788 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Given the overlap of symptoms between ADHD and other disruptive behavioural disorders such as ODD, as well as (Harvey et al., 2016), it is unsurprising that treatments posited for ADHD would be applied to other conditions.”
BackgroundGolubchik, P., & Weizman, A. (2017) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2017.1383436 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Öztekin, I., Garic, D., Bayat, M., Hernandez, M. L., Finlayson, M. A., Graziano, P. A., & Dick, A. S. (2022) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15842 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Targeting ER skills during the preschool period is especially important given the high comorbidity of ADHD and ODD during this period (Harvey et al., 2016).”
BackgroundTeasdale, A. E., Duran, P. A., & Axelrad, M. E. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-022-09907-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The rationale is that these symptoms are sometimes related to oppositionality rather than ADHD in preschoolers (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Harvey et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialGolubchik, P., Shalev, L., Tsamir, D., Manor, I., & Weizman, A. (2019) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000252 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
ADHD Comorbid With Major Depression on Parents and Teachers Perceptions
Coutinho, D., de Farias, A. C., Felden, E. P. G., & Cordeiro, M. L. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718815574 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Savage, W. M., Saint-Hilaire, S. A., Shah, M., & Lugo-Candelas, C. I. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1425559 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationAddanki, S. S., Chandrasekaran, V., & Kandasamy, P. (2022) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176221127642 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Xavier, R. M., Calkins, M. E., Bassett, D. S., Moore, T. M., George, W. T., Taylor, J. H., & Gur, R. E. (2022) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2022.2099494 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“ADH and OD are both externalizing conditions that often co-occur (Harvey et al., 2016) with comorbidity rates ranging between 42-93% (Jensen et al., 1997).”
BackgroundSpeyer, L., Ushakova, A., Hall, H. A., Luciano, M., Auyeung, B., & Murray, A. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wz9xc · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“There is, for example, in addition to the externalising and internalising models discussed above, a vast body of theories on the effects of ADHD symptoms on conduct problems (e.g. Beauchaine et al., 2010; Harvey et al., 2016), and on the effects of ADHD”
BackgroundThe Clinical Characteristics of ADHD Diagnosed in Adolescents in Comparison With Younger Children
Mahajnah, M. M., Sharkia, R. A., Shorbaji, N., & Zelnik, N. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717696768 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Review of the Most Recent Longitudinal Studies of ADHD
Eme, R. F. (2017) · Journal of memory disorders and rehabilitation. · doi:10.47739/2578-319x.memorydisorders.1004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“A study by Harvey, Breaux, and Lugo-Candelas [6] sought to advance the understanding of how to explain the substantial co morbidity between ADHD and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) that develops during the preschool years such that between one third and one half of children who are diagnosed with one disorder are…”
BackgroundHand, E. D., & Lonigan, C. J. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-023-10094-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Most prior longitudinal studies examining the co-devel-opment of externalizing symptom dimensions have relied upon correlated-factor models (e.g., Harvey et al., 2016; Martin et al., 2022; Willoughby et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodKrasner, A., Dennis, M., Shoulberg, E. K., Hoza, B., Scott, H., & Martin, C. P. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-09957-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Further, they support research demonstrating comorbid ADHD and oppositional defiant behaviors in the preschool years (Harvey et al., 2016; Lavigne et al., 2009).”
BackgroundManfro, A. G., Pan, P., Gadelha, A., Fleck, M., Rosário, M. C. D., Cogo-Moreira, H., Affonseca-Bressan, R., Mari, J., Miguel, E., Rohde, L., et al. (2017) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0993-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
ADHD in Individuals with Intellectual Disability
Flanigan, L., Climie, E. A., Gray, C., & Conde, C. F. (2019) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20843-1_48 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, F., & Yin, X. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70195 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“One of the most widely recognised models is the correlated risk factors model, which posits that comorbidity arises from shared biological and environmental risk factors (Harvey et al. 2016).”
Machine learning-based prediction of persistent oppositional defiant behavior for 5 years
Na, K., Geem, Z. W., & Cho, S. (2020) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2020.1748711 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Indeed, ODD is frequently associated with ADHD [11 – 13].”
BackgroundSmith, J. N., Coxe, S., Jusko, M. L., Raiker, J. S., Parent, J., Nousen, E. K., Tipsord, J., Maron, L., & Musser, E. D. (2025) · Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026251375904 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Emotional and Behavioural Problems in School Going Children With ADHD
Kumari, R., & Jahan, M. (2021) · International Journal of Indian Psychology · doi:10.25215/0902.060 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Harvey, Breaux, and Lugo-Candelas (2016) found in a longitudinal study that ADHD was a strong predictor for the development of the argumentative/defiant symptoms of ODD.”
BackgroundTwo GWASs Are Better Than One: Enhancing Genetic Discovery for Developmental Phenotypes
McGrath, L. M. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.11.018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Eme, R. F. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Disorders · doi:10.26502/jppd.2572-519x0017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This article will provide a concise overview of the major studies that have been identified as having the soundest methodological designs [12-14].”
BackgroundPark, J. L., Plamondon, A., Neville, R. D., McArthur, B. A., Hewitt, J. M. A., Tough, S., & Madigan, S. L. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2026.2687060
“In addition, given ADHD symptoms often co-occur with other externalizing behaviors (Harvey et al., 2016; Nock et al., 2007), it is possible that the associations we identified reflect broader externalizing tendencies rather than ADHD-specific processes.”
Smith, J. N., Coxe, S. J., Jusko, M. L., Raiker, J. S., Parent, J. M., Nousen, E. K., Tipsord, J. M., Maron, L. M., Schmarder, K. M., & Musser, E. D. (2026) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026251401554
Transdiagnostic Approaches to ADHD: A Narrative Review
Barać, B., & Jakupčević, K. K. (2026) · Sci · doi:10.3390/sci8020042
“Harvey et al. [56] also outline two prominent transdiagnostic models of ADHD and ODD: the correlated risk factors model and the developmental precursor model.”
Craig, J. T., Sanders, M. T., Moore, C. C., Barnett, E. R., Sternberg, K. F., Breslend, N. L., Vazquez, L. C., Sand-Loud, N., & Jankowski, M. K. (2026) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251415434
“…at higher risk for conduct and impulse-control disorders, problematic substance use, anxiety, depression, suicidality, low academic achievement, and underemployment compared to individuals without ADHD (APA, 2022; DuPaul et al., 2020; Harvey et al., 2016; Kessler et al., 2006; Mayes et al., 2015).”
Choopun, K., Pornsawan, N., Ngaweang, P., & Panyawong, K. (2025) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_2029_24
GO/NO-GO Testleri ve Anlık Geri Bildirim ile Sporcularda Dikkat Performansı Ölçümü
Erdoğdu, M., & Can, S. (2025) · Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi · doi:10.17827/aktd.1587396
A Systematic Review of 10 Years of Serious Video Games Development for Therapeutic Purposes
Cervantes, J.-A., López, S., Cervantes, S., Rumbo-Morales, J., Ortíz-Torres, G., Sorcia-Vázquez, F., Perez, A., Molina, J., & Santamaría, C. (2024) · 2024 13th International Conference On Software Process Improvement (CIMPS) · doi:10.1109/cimps65195.2024.11095963
“…que condicionan el diseño de los videojuegos se tiene que tomar en consideración que las personas que tienen TDAH comúnmente pueden presentar otros trastornos, tales como el trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) [29], trastorno negativista desafiante (TND) [30] y problemas de ansiedad [31].”
Knutsen, B., & Kvello, Ø. (2022) · Tidsskrift for psykisk helsearbeid · doi:10.18261/tph.19.4.7
Eme, R. F. (2017) · Journal of General Practice · doi:10.4172/2329-9126.1000321
“A recent example of the risk ADHD poses for one of the disorders in the externalizing spectrum comes from a study by Harvey, Breaux, and Lugo-Candelas [25] which sought to advance the understanding of how to explain the substantial comorbidity between ADHD and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) that develops during t…”
BackgroundTrait Impulsivity/Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder A Genetic Liability for Criminality
Eme, R. F. (2016) · SOJ Psychology · doi:10.15226/2374-6874/3/2/00132 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“For example, a recent longitudinal study of preschool children with ADHD found increases in argumentative/defiant ODD symptoms over a three-year period [27].”
BackgroundAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Pokhriyal, S. (2021) · Advances in early childhood and K-12 education · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7630-4.ch017
- Authors
- Harvey, E. A., Breaux, R. P., & Lugo-Candelas, C. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 154-167
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC4747057
- OpenAlex
- W2263717711
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 10.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (MH60132)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, comorbidities, preschool children, family history (medicine), anger and irritability, child behavior problems, cross-lagged panel model
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Psychological Tests, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
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