A review of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, treatment strategies, and its impact on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality

Wadhera, Rishi K.; Steen, Dylan L.; Khan, Irfan; Giugliano, Robert P.; Foody, JoAnne M.

doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.11.010

Cited by 306Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsCholesterol and Lipid Metabolism

A review of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, treatment strategies, and its impact on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality

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Wadhera, Rishi K., Steen, Dylan L., Khan, Irfan, Giugliano, Robert P., Foody, JoAnne M.·2016·Journal of Clinical Lipidology

DOI 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.11.010

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Abstract

Cardiovascular (CV) disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for approximately 31.4% of deaths globally in 2012. It is estimated that, from 1980 to 2000, reduction in total cholesterol accounted for a 33% decrease in coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths in the United States. In other developed countries, similar decreases in CHD deaths (ranging from 19%-46%) have been attributed to reduction in total cholesterol. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has now largely replaced total cholesterol as a risk marker and the primary treatment target for hyperlipidemia. Reduction in LDL-C levels by statin-based therapies has been demonstrated to result in a reduction in the risk of nonfatal CV events and mortality in a continuous and graded manner over a wide range of baseline risk and LDL-C levels. This article provides a review of (1) the relationship between LDL-C and CV risk from a biologic, epidemiologic, and genetic standpoint; (2) evidence-based strategies for LDL-C lowering; (3) lipid-management guidelines; (4) new strategies to further reduce CV risk through LDL-C lowering; and (5) population-level and health-system initiatives aimed at identifying, treating, and lowering lifetime LDL-C exposure.

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From Decreased lipidated ApoE‐receptor interactions confer protection against pathogenicity of ApoE and its lipid cargoes in lysosomes (2025) · cites this paper as [53]

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The AT04A vaccine against proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 reduces total cholesterol, vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice
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“53 While LDL biology is mostly relevant for peripheral diseases, 32,54,55 the CNS primarily contains HDL-like particles, many of which harbor ApoE and can thus engage LDLR. 56 LDLR’s ligands in the CNS, besides ApoE, are not well deﬁned.”
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Antioxidant Blueberry Anthocyanins Induce Vasodilation via PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in High-Glucose-Induced Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
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Enzymatic Production, Bioactivity, and Bitterness of Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) Peptides
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Worldwide burden of LDL cholesterol: Implications in cardiovascular disease
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The Mevalonate Pathway Is Indispensable for Adipocyte Survival
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Lactobacillus Strains Alleviated Hyperlipidemia and Liver Steatosis in Aging Rats via Activation of AMPK
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In VitroAntioxidant andIn VivoLipid-Lowering Properties ofZingiber officinaleCrude Aqueous Extract and Methanolic Fraction: A Follow-Up Study
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Vascular Stem/Progenitor Cell Migration and Differentiation in Atherosclerosis
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Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 is a novel PCSK9-independent ligand of liver LDLR cleaved by furin
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Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis and Key Cellular Processes, Current and Emerging Therapies, Key Challenges, and Future Research Directions
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The Lipid Paradox is present in ST-elevation but not in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients: Insights from the Singapore Myocardial Infarction Registry
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Drug Therapy of Dyslipidemia in the Elderly
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Increased APOE glycosylation plays a key role in the atherogenicity of L5 low‐density lipoprotein
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Egg Consumption and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies
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Food and Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis from a One Health Perspective: A Comprehensive Review
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Gender and Age Stratified Analyses of Nutrient and Dietary Pattern Associations with Circulating Lipid Levels Identify Novel Gender and Age-Specific Correlations
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A Perspective on Targeting Inflammation and Cytokine Actions in Atherosclerosis
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Effects of statins on myocarditis: A review of underlying molecular mechanisms
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A Novel Perspective on the ApoM-S1P Axis, Highlighting the Metabolism of ApoM and Its Role in Liver Fibrosis and Neuroinflammation
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Suggested clinical approach for the diagnosis and management of ‘statin intolerance’ with an emphasis on muscle‐related side‐effects
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Lipophilicity of Coarse-Grained Cholesterol Models
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Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Electronegative Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Diseases
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Authors: Wadhera, R. K., Steen, D. L., Khan, I., Giugliano, R. P., & Foody, J. M.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
University of Cincinnati (US)
Sanofi (United States) (US)
Corresponding author: Wadhera, Rishi K.
ORCID: Wadhera, Rishi K.
Steen, Dylan L.
Khan, Irfan
Giugliano, Robert P.
Venue: Journal of Clinical Lipidology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-05
Volume: 10
Issue: 3
Pages: 472-489
ISSN: 1876-4789 (ISSN-L)
1933-2874
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.11.010
OpenAlex: W2183544076
Cited by: 306
References: 165
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 8
FWCI: 4.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Journal of clinical lipidology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: American Heart Association
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
International Atherosclerosis Society
European Atherosclerosis Society
Daiichi-Sankyo
Daiichi Sankyo Europe
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
Keywords: LDL cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, statin therapy, LDL cholesterol lowering, cardiovascular risk, coronary heart disease mortality, cardiovascular risk reduction, total cholesterol
MeSH terms: Animals, Anticholesteremic Agents, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Life Style, Cholesterol, LDL, Risk, Evidence-Based Medicine

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A review of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, treatment strategies, and its impact on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality

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