Depression and anxiety through pregnancy and the early postpartum: An examination of prospective relationships
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to explore the prospective relationship between depressive symptoms and anxiety across pregnancy and the early postpartum.Methods Participants (N=207) completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Trait subscale, Beck Depression Inventory, and social support and sleep quality measures at two time points during pregnancy and once in the early postpartum period.Results After accounting for the relative stability of anxiety and depression over time, depressive symptoms earlier in pregnancy predicted higher levels of anxiety in late pregnancy and anxiety in late pregnancy predicted higher depressive symptomatology in the early postpartum. A bi-directional model of depression and anxiety in pregnancy was supported.Limitations Data were based on self-reports and participating women were predominantly tertiary educated with high family incomes.Conclusion Our findings suggest that depressive symptoms precede the development of higher levels of anxiety and that anxiety, even at non-clinical levels, can predict higher depressive symptoms. Clinicians are advised to screen for anxiety and depression concurrently during pregnancy.
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Stress and anxiety experienced during the perinatal period are likely to affect the mother's mental health.
“This is of particular interest as stress and anxiety experienced during this period are likely to affect the mother’s mental health [1–3] and impact on the relationship between the mother and her infant [4, 5].”
From Effects of an antenatal mindfulness-based childbirth and parenting programme on the postpartum experiences of mothers: a qualitative interview study. (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Skouteris, H., Wertheim, E. H., Rallis, S., Milgrom, J., & Paxton, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- La Trobe University (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Skouteris, Helen
- Wertheim, Eleanor H.
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 303-308
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1979836028
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 10.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy-related medical research
- Keywords
- depression, anxiety, pregnancy, postpartum period, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, bidirectional relationship, social support, sleep quality, prenatal screening, maternal mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Disorders of Excessive Somnolence, Pregnancy, Prenatal Diagnosis, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Social Support, Prevalence, Postpartum Period, Young Adult
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