Predictors of persistent maternal depression trajectories in early childhood: results from the EDEN mother–child cohort study in France
Open accessAbstract
Background: Maternal depression in the pre- and postpartum period may set women on a course of chronic depressive symptoms. Little is known about predictors of persistently elevated depressive symptoms in mothers from pregnancy onwards. The aims of this study are to determine maternal depression trajectories from pregnancy to the child's fifth birthday and identify associated risk factors. Method: Mothers (N = 1807) from the EDEN mother–child birth cohort study based in France (2003–2011) were followed from 24–28 weeks of pregnancy to their child's fifth birthday. Maternal depression trajectories were determined with a semi-parametric group-based modelling strategy. Sociodemographic, psychosocial and psychiatric predictors were explored for their association with trajectory class membership. Results: Five trajectories of maternal symptoms of depression from pregnancy onwards were identified: no symptoms (60.2%); persistent intermediate-level depressive symptoms (25.2%); persistent high depressive symptoms (5.0%); high symptoms in pregnancy only (4.7%); high symptoms in the child's preschool period only (4.9%).Socio-demographic predictors associated with persistent depression were non-French origin;psychosocial predictors were childhood adversities, life events during pregnancy and work overinvestment;psychiatric predictors were previous mental health problems, psychological help, and high anxiety during pregnancy. Conclusions: Persistent depression in mothers of young children is associated to several risk factors present prior to or during pregnancy, notably anxiety. These characteristics precede depression trajectories and offer a possible entry point to enhance mother's mental health and reduce its burden on children.
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Stress is a robust predictor of maternal and paternal depression.
“stress is a robust predictor of maternal and paternal depression [34, 37, 38, 39, 40] and, to a lesser extent, maternal anxiety [15].”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
In “Predictors of maternal depressive symptom trajectories” (page not available), the paper reports that stressors during pregnancy and work stress are associated with persistent maternal depression. It does not report a corresponding finding for paternal depression, so it supports only the maternal part of the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPoorer relationship quality has been linked to maternal depression and anxiety.
“Finally, contextual factors related to the intimate relationship, namely poorer relationship quality and lack of social support, have been linked to maternal depression and anxiety [13, 15, 40], as well as paternal depression [32, 34, 42].”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
The Predictors of maternal depression trajectories section links lack of social support to depressive symptoms during pregnancy. The paper does not assess intimate-relationship quality or report an association between poorer relationship quality and maternal depression or anxiety; it treats anxiety as a predictor of depression, not an outcome. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA history of psychiatric problems is a predictor of maternal perinatal depression and anxiety.
“a history of psychiatric problems (e.g., depression) has consistently been identified as a predictor of maternal perinatal depression and anxiety [13, 15, 37, 38, 40], as well as paternal postpartum depression [34].”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
The Introduction identifies a prior history of mental disorders as a risk factor for maternal depression in the perinatal period, and the paper reports associations between previous mental health problems and maternal depressive-symptom trajectories. It does not establish that such a history predicts maternal perinatal anxiety; its discussion instead treats anxiety during pregnancy as a predictor of later depression. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLack of social support has been linked to maternal depression and anxiety.
“Finally, contextual factors related to the intimate relationship, namely poorer relationship quality and lack of social support, have been linked to maternal depression and anxiety [13, 15, 40], as well as paternal depression [32, 34, 42].”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
The Introduction (page not supplied) identifies poor social support as a risk factor for maternal depression, and the ‘Predictors of maternal depressive symptom trajectories’ section calls lack of support a specific predictor of depression in pregnancy. The paper discusses maternal anxiety, but the passages do not link lack of social support to anxiety as an outcome. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Additional file 1 of Exploring Heterogeneity in perinatal depression: a comprehensive review
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- Authors
- van der Waerden, J., Galéra, C., Saurel-Cubizolles, M.-J., Sutter-Dallay, A.-L., Melchior, M., & the EDEN Mother–Child Cohort Study Group
- Affiliations
- Université de Bordeaux (FR)
- Inserm (FR)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2015-02-13
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1999-2012
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2145082172
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 6.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- Université Paris-Sud
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Environnement et du Travail
- Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale
- Institut pour la Recherche en Santé Publique
- CHIST-ERA
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- maternal depression, depression trajectories, pregnancy, postpartum depression, early childhood, risk factors, maternal mental health, prenatal anxiety, childhood adversity, EDEN mother-child cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Employment, Female, France, Humans, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Mothers, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, Cohort Studies, Disease Progression, Depression, Postpartum, Substance-Related Disorders
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