Gender differences in symptomatic profiles of depression: results from the Sao Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey
Abstract
Background Few studies have investigated symptomatic subtypes of depression and their correlates by gender.Methods Data are from the São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey. Symptom profiles of 1207 subjects (864 women; 343 men) based upon symptoms of the worst depressive episode in lifetime were examined through latent class analysis. Correlates of gender-specific latent classes were analyzed by logistic regression.Results For both men and women, a 3-class model was the best solution. A mild class was found in both genders (41.1% in women; 40.1% in men). Gender differences appeared in the most symptomatic classes. In women, they were labeled melancholic (39.3%) and atypical (19.5%), differing among each other in somatic/vegetative symptoms. The melancholic class presented inhibition and eating/sleeping symptoms in the direction of decreasing, whereas the atypical class had increased appetite/weight, and hypersomnia. For men, symptoms that differentiate the two most symptomatic classes were related to psychomotor activity: a melancholic/psychomotor retarded (40.4%) and agitated depression (19.6%). The highest between-class proportion of agitation and racing thoughts was found among men in the agitated class, with similarity to bipolar mixed state.Limitations Analyses were restricted to those who endorsed questions about their worst lifetime depressive episode; the standardized assessment by lay interviewers; the small male sample size.Conclusions The construct of depression of current classifications is heterogeneous at the symptom level, where gender different subtypes can be identified. These symptom profiles have potential implications for the nosology and the therapeutics of depression.
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DSM diagnostic criteria for adolescent MDD have low diagnostic validity and specificity, resulting in unclear diagnostic boundaries especially with regard to generalized and social anxiety.
“the DSM diagnostic criteria for adolescent MDD have low diagnostic validity and specificity, resulting in unclear diagnostic boundaries especially with regard to generalized and social anxiety”
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- Authors
- Alexandrino-Silva, C., Wang, Y.-P., Carmen Viana, M., Bulhões, R. S., Martins, S. S., & Andrade, L. H.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Andrade, Laura Helena
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 147
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 355-364
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2052782046
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 7.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- depression subtypes, gender differences, symptom profiles, endogenous depression, atypical depression, agitated depression, psychomotor retardation, somatic symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brazil, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Logistic Models, Young Adult
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