Cigarette smoking and completed suicide: Results from 3 prospective cohorts of American adults
Open accessAbstract
Background Prior reports have indicated a potential dose-response relationship between smoking and suicide. However, this relationship is controversial.Methods This study evaluated the association between smoking and risk of death from suicide in three large-scale cohorts of U.S. men and women (n=253,033). Suicides were identified from death certificates among 43,816 men enrolled in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) between 1986 and 2008, 116,566 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) between 1976 and 2008, and 92,651 women in the NHS II between 1989 and 2007. Information on smoking was obtained at baseline and updated every 2 years. Relative risks (RRs) of suicide were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Cohort specific RRs were pooled using random-effects models. Suicide deaths were determined by physician review of death certificates.Results A total of 457 deaths from suicide were documented. Compared to never smokers, the pooled multivariate RR (95% confidence interval [CI]) of suicide was 1.15 (0.91-1.45) for former smokers and 2.69 (2.11-3.42) for current smokers. A nonmonotonic dose-response relationship was noted between the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and suicide risk (P trend<0.001). Compared to never smokers, the pooled multivariate RR (95% CI) was 2.59 (1.77-3.79) for those with 1-14 CPD, 2.03 (1.39-2.94) for those with 15-24 CPD, and 4.13 (2.96-5.78) for those with ≥ 25 CPD.Limitations Smoking was self-reported and had some degree of measurement error. Participants were not a representative sample of the U.S. population.Conclusions Results from three large cohorts suggest a nonmonotonic dose-response association between smoking and suicide risk.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Active smokers have about two to three times the risk of suicidality compared with people who never smoked.
“Although active smokers have been reported to have twofold to threefold increased risk of suicidality when compared to nonsmokers,1–4”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
The Results report a pooled relative risk of 2.69 for completed suicide among current smokers compared with never smokers, supporting the stated twofold-to-threefold magnitude. The study measured suicide deaths, however, not suicidality more broadly, such as suicidal thoughts or attempts. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Nock, M. K., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Cha, C. B., Kessler, R. C., & Lee, S. (2008) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn002 · Cited by 2,897 · see citing works
Smoking and Mental Illness: A Population-Based Prevalence Study
Lasser, K., Boyd, J. W., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., McCormick, D., & Bor, D. H. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.20.2606 · Cited by 2,508 · see citing works
Belmaker, R. H., & Agam, G. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra073096 · Cited by 2,166 · see citing works
(2010) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e590462011-001 · Cited by 1,799 · see citing works
Hawton, K., & van Heeringen, K. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60372-x · Cited by 1,671 · see citing works
Deaths: preliminary data for 2003.
Hoyert, D. L., Kung, H.-C., & Smith, B. L. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 1,649 · see citing works
Hernan, M. A. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/155.2.176 · Cited by 1,445 · see citing works
Mortality in relation to smoking : 40 years' observations on male British doctors
Doll, H. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,417 · see citing works
Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors
Doll, R., Peto, R., Wheatley, K., Gray, R., & Sutherland, I. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6959.901 · Cited by 1,321 · see citing works
Dieting and binging: A causal analysis.
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1985) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.40.2.193 · Cited by 1,279 · see citing works
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Chou, S. P., Stinson, F. S., & Dawson, D. A. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.11.1107 · Cited by 1,262 · see citing works
Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in 2000
Ezzati, M., & Lopez, A. D. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14338-3 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression
Glassman, A. H. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450120058029 · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.20.2487 · Cited by 1,071 · see citing works
Smoking and Major Depression: A Causal Analysis
Kendler, K. S. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820130038007 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking: implications for psychiatric illness
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.4.546 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Prospective Study of Caffeine Consumption and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease in Men and Women
Ascherio, A., Zhang, S. M., Hernán, M. A., Kawachi, I., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., & Willett, W. C. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.1052 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Nurses׳ Health Study: lifestyle and health among women
Colditz, G. A., & Hankinson, S. E. (2005) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1608 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Test of the National Death Index and Equifax Nationwide Death Search
Rich-Edwards, J. W., Corsano, K. A., & Stampfer, M. J. (1994) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117191 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Personality and smoking status: A meta-analysis
Munafo, M. R., Zetteler, J., & Clark, T. G. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701188851 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking and major depression
Covey, L. S., Glassman, A. H., & Stetner, F. (1998) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1300/j069v17n01_04 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease
Office on Smoking (2010) · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking, Suicidal Behavior, and Serotonin Function in Major Psychiatric Disorders
Malone, K. M., WATERNAUX, C. M., Haas, G. L., Cooper, T. B., Li, S., & Mann, J. J. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.773 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Hall, W. (2001) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200110050457 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Smoking and suicide: A brief overview
Hughes, J. R. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.003 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
The Effects of Nicotine on Neural Pathways Implicated in Depression
Balfour, D. J. K., & Ridley, D. L. (2000) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00205-7 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Tverdal, A., Thelle, D. S., Stensvold, I., Leren, P., & Bjartveit, K. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90025-v · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Smoking and the Risk of Suicidal Behavior: A Prospective Study of a Community Sample
Breslau, N., Schultz, L. R., Johnson, E. O., Peterson, E. L., & Davis, G. C. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.3.328 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
(1996) · PubMed · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Cigarettes and suicide: a prospective study of 50,000 men
(2000) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.90.5.768 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationCigarette Smoking and Suicide: A Prospective Study of 300, 000 Male Active-duty Army Soldiers
Miller, M., Hemenway, D., Bell, N. S., Yore, M. M., & Amoroso, P. J. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010148 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence of Heavy Smoking in California and the United States, 1965-2007
Pierce, J. P. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.334 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking and risk of completed suicide: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Li, D., Yang, X., Ge, Z., Hao, Y., Wang, Q., Liu, F., Gu, D., & Huang, J. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.03.013 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Smoking and suicide among nurses.
Hemenway, D., Solnick, S. J., & Colditz, G. A. (1993) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.83.2.249 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Smoking at age 18–20 and suicide during 26 years of follow-up—how can the association be explained?
Hemmingsson, T., & Kriebel, D. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg203 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Understanding the neurobiology of suicidal behavior
Kamali, M., Oquendo, M. A., & Mann, J. J. (2001) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.1062 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Whitfield, J. B., Pang, D., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Heath, A. C., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799001798 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Oza, S., Thun, M. J., Henley, S. J., Lopez, A. D., & Ezzati, M. (2011) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.04.007 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Depression and nicotine: preclinical and clinical evidence for common mechanisms
Laje, R. P., Berman, J. A., & Glassman, A. H. (2001) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-001-0040-z · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking and suicidal behaviour: results from a 25-year longitudinal study
Boden, J. M., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001547 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Smoking and the risk of suicide
Tanskanen, A. J., Tuomilehto, J., Viinamäki, H. T., Vartiainen, E. A., Lehtonen, J., & Puska, P. (2000) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101003243.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Personality, psychiatric disorders, and smoking in middle-aged adults
Kahler, C. W., Daughters, S. B., Leventhal, A. M., Rogers, M. L., Clark, M. A., Colby, S. M., Boergers, J., Ramsey, S. E., Abrams, D. B., Niaura, R., et al. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp073 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Injury death excesses in smokers: a 1990–95 United States national cohort study
Leistikow, B. N., Martin, D. C., & Samuels, S. J. (2000) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.6.4.277 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Smoking and Suicidal Behaviors in the National Comorbidity Survey: Replication
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P. A., Borges, G., Castilla-Puentes, R. C., Glantz, M. D., Jaeger, S. A., Merikangas, K. R., Nock, M. K., Russo, L. J., & Stang, P. E. (2007) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3180303eb8 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Iwasaki, M., Akechi, T., Uchitomi, Y., & Tsugane, S. (2005) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.08.011 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Relation between Nicotine Dependence and Suicide Attempts in the General Population
Yaworski, D., Robinson, J., Sareen, J., & Bolton, J. M. (2011) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371105600306 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Pulay, A. J., Stinson, F. S., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M. R., Pickering, R. P., Dawson, D. A., & Grant, B. F. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The eighth revision of the International Classification of Diseases.
Moriyama, I. M. (1966) · American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.56.8.1277 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Smoking and the risk of suicide
Tanskanen, A. J., Tuomilehto, J., Viinamäki, H. T., et al. (2000) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.0902-4441.2000.ap9s003.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Smoking and Suicide: A Meta-Analysis
Poorolajal, J., & Darvishi, N. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156348 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Association Between Social Integration and Suicide Among Women in the United States
Tsai, A. C., Lucas, M., & Kawachi, I. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1002 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationGroves, S., Lascelles, K. M., & Hawton, K. E. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.027 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Smoking and Neuropsychiatric Disease—Associations and Underlying Mechanisms
Hahad, O., Daiber, A., Michal, M., Kuntić, M., Lieb, K., Beutel, M. E., & Münzel, T. F. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147272 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Evins, A. E., Korhonen, T., Kinnunen, T., & Kaprio, J. A. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717000587 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Harrison, R., Munafo, M. R., Smith, G. D., & Wootton, R. E. (2020) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2020.68 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Association between dry eye symptoms and suicidal ideation in a Korean adult population
Um, S.-B., Yeom, H., Kim, N. H., Kim, H. C., Lee, H., & Suh, I. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199131 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Arpana Agrawal, A., Tillman, R., Grucza, R. A., Nelson, E. C., McCutcheon, V. V., Few, L. R., Conner, K. R., Lynskey, M. T., Dick, D. M., Edenberg, H. J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.060 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Tobacco Use and 12-Month Suicidality Among Adults in the United States
Han, B., Compton, W. M., & Blanco, C. (2016) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw136 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Carrieri, P., Marcellin, F., Fressard, L., Préau, M., Sagaon‐Teyssier, L., Suzan, M., Guagliardo, V., Mora, M., Roux, P., Dray‐Spira, R., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171645 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Proposal for the Inclusion of Tobacco Use in Suicide Risk Scales: Results of a Meta-Analysis
Echeverria, I., Cotaina, M., Jovani, A., Mora, R., Haro, G., & Benito, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18116103 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Integrated Care: Tobacco Use and Mental Illness: A Wake-Up Call for Psychiatrists
Williams, J. M., Stroup, T. S., Brunette, M. F., & Raney, L. E. (2014) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201400235 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Nicotine inhalation and suicide: clinical correlates and behavioral mechanisms
Swann, A. C., Graham, D. P., Wilkinson, A. V., & Kosten, T. R. (2021) · The American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.13171 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Smoking and suicidal ideation among college students: Smoking expectancies as potential moderators
Waters, A. F., Peltier, M. R., Roys, M. R., Stewart, S. A., & Copeland, A. L. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1719112 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Samaan, Z., Bawor, M., Dennis, B. B., El-Sheikh, W., DeJesus, J., Rangarajan, S., Vair, J., Sholer, H., Hutchinson, N., Iordan, E., et al. (2015) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-015-0012-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Heavy tobacco dependence in suicide attempters making recurrent and medically serious attempts
López‐Castromán, J., Cerrato, L., Béziat, S., Jaussent, I., Guillaume, S., & Courtet, P. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Manner Determination in Forensic Pathology
Oliver, W. R. (2014) · Academic Forensic Pathology · doi:10.23907/2014.062 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Icick, R., Vorspan, F., Karsinti, E., Ksouda, K., Lépine, J., Brousse, G., Mouly, S. J., Bellivier, F., & Bloch, V. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.076 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Use of Tobacco Products and Suicide Attempts Among Elementary School–Aged Children
Lee, P. H., Tervo‐Clemmens, B., Liu, R. T., Gersten, M. B., Jung, J.-Y., Janes, A. C., & Gilman, J. M. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0376 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Prevalência e perfil de fumantes: comparações na população psiquiátrica e na população geral
de Oliveira, R. M., Santos, J. L. F., & Furegato, A. R. F. (2019) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.2976.3149 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Balbuena, L., Baetz, M., Sexton, J. A., Harder, D., Feng, C. X., Boctor, K., Lapointe, C., Letwiniuk, E., Shamloo, A., Ishwaran, H., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03702-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tobacco addiction in the psychiatric population and in the general population
de Oliveira, R. M., Santos, J. L. F., & Furegato, A. R. F. (2017) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.2202.2945 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kreuze, E. J., York, J., & Merwin, E. (2024) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2024.2405844 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kõks, G., Prans, E., Tran, H. D. T., Ngo, N. B. T., Hoang, L. N. N., Tran, H. M. T., Ngoc, T. C., Phuoc, T. D., Ho, X. D., Duy, B. H., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01398 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Suicide Mortality Among Nurses Internationally
Kreuze, E. J., York, J., & Merwin, E. (2025) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2024.2438886 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview
Penberthy, J. K., Penberthy, J. M., Harris, M. R., Nanda, S., Ahn, J., Martinez, C. P., Osika, A. O., Slepian, Z. A., Forsyth, J. C., Starr, J. A., et al. (2016) · Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment · doi:10.4137/sart.s33389 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Nicotine Dependence and Pre-Enlistment Suicidal Behavior Among U.S. Army Soldiers
Campbell‐Sills, L., Kessler, R. C., Ursano, R. J., Sun, X., Heeringa, S. G., Nock, M. K., Jain, S., & Stein, M. B. (2019) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.09.016 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jin, T., Seo, J., Ye, S., Lee, S., Park, E. Y., Oh, J., Han, C., & Kim, B. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03372-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Peter, F. (2016) · Perspectives Psy · doi:10.1051/ppsy/2016552088 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kreuze, E. J., York, J., & Merwin, E. (2025) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-025-02456-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Moving toward standardized surveillance of “nurse” suicide mortality
Kreuze, E. J., Merwin, E., & York, J. (2024) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2024.102308 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kim, J. H., Lee, T., Park, H., Kim, S. M., & Kim, J. W. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1440792 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Falcone, T., Staniskyte, M., Forcén, F., & Vengoechea, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74391-2_1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The chiropractor's role in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of suicide: a clinical guide.
Cupler, Z. A., Daniels, C. J., Anderson, D. R., Anderson, M. T., Napuli, J. G., & Tritt, M. E. (2021) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Immune System Related Markers: Changes in childhood Neuropsychiatry Disorders Cause and Consequence
Falcone, T., & Franco, K. (2015) · Current topics in neurotoxicity · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13602-8_9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jeong, C., Kim, B., Oh, D. J., Sohn, T. S., Han, K., & Kwon, H.-S. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2025.101692 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tabagismo como hábito de vida de acadêmicos de Enfermagem e enfermeiros: uma revisão de literatura
Neves, K. D. C., Brito, F. C., Martins, E. B., Ribeiro, W. A., Fassarella, B. P. A., & Evangelista, D. D. S. (2020) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v9i8.6741 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Why Is There a Link Between Smoking and Suicide? In Reply
Balbuena, L., & Tempier, R. (2015) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.660304
TobaccoUseandMentalIllness: AWake-UpCallforPsychiatrists
Williams, J. M., Stroup, T. S., Brunette, F., & Raney, L. E. (2014)
Galor, A., & Aggarwal, S. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.733483055.793554010
Balbuena, L., Åhs, F., Peters, E. M., Mendes‐Silva, A. P., & Speed, D. (2025) · Tobacco Use Insights · doi:10.1177/1179173x251349612
- Authors
- Lucas, M., O’Reilly, E. J., Mirzaei, F., Okereke, O. I., Unger, L., Miller, M., & Ascherio, A.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 151
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1053-1058
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3881308
- OpenAlex
- W2063277089
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 4.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Nurses’ Health Study and Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, suicide, suicide risk, dose-response relationship, current smokers, former smokers, cigarettes per day, non-monotonic dose-response, Health Professionals Follow-up Study, Nurses' Health Study, Nurses' Health Study II
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Smoking, Suicide, United States, Cohort Studies, Proportional Hazards Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
