Smoking cessation and depressive symptoms at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up
Open accessAbstract
Background The relationship between tobacco and depressive symptoms has been examined. However, there is little information on the evolution of these symptoms when an individual quits. The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of depressive symptoms over time (pre-, post-treatment, 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up) in relation to smoking status 12 months after having received a psychological treatment for smoking cessation.Method The sample was made up of 242 adults who received cognitive-behavioral treatment for smoking cessation (64.4% women; mean age=41.71 years). The BDI-II was used to assess depressive symptomatology. Participants were classified into three groups according to smoking status at 12-months follow-up (abstainers, relapsers, and smokers).Results There were no significant differences in depressive symptoms among the three groups at pretreatment. At the end of treatment, abstainers and relapsers presented less depressive symptomatology than smokers. At follow-up, abstainers continued to present less depressive symptomatology than smokers, whereas in relapsers, symptoms began to increase as the relapses occurred. Regarding the evolution of depressive symptomatology, the abstainer and relapser groups showed a significant reduction at the end of treatment. Only in the group of abstainers did the decrease continue during 12 months follow-up.Limitations The decrease of the initial sample size from 562 to 242 participants. Variables such as self-esteem and self-efficacy were not assessed.Conclusions Smoking cessation is associated with a decrease in depressive symptomatology, that is maintained over time. In contrast, relapse is associated with an increase of such symptoms. These findings signify the potential importance of addressing depressive symptomatology in smoking cessation treatment.
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A plausible reason for the absence of differences between groups is that the cognitive-behavioral treatment 'Programa para Dejar de Fumar' is an intervention that has demonstrated high levels of abstinence rates in previous studies.
“A plausible reason that could explain the absence of differences between both groups is that the cognitive-behavioral treatment “Programa para Dejar de Fumar” (Becoña, 2007) is an intervention that has demonstrated high levels of abstinence rates in previous studies (Martínez-Vispo et al., 2019; Rodríguez-Cano et al., 2016).”
From Evaluation of effectiveness and acceptability of a psychological treatment for smoking cessation combined with a smartphone App: A pilot study (2024) · cites this paper as Rodríguez-Cano et al., 2016
The cognitive-behavioral treatment 'Programa para Dejar de Fumar' has demonstrated high levels of abstinence rates in previous studies.
“the cognitive-behavioral treatment “Programa para Dejar de Fumar” (Becoña, 2007) is an intervention that has demonstrated high levels of abstinence rates in previous studies (Martínez-Vispo et al., 2019; Rodríguez-Cano et al., 2016).”
From Evaluation of effectiveness and acceptability of a psychological treatment for smoking cessation combined with a smartphone App: A pilot study (2024) · cites this paper as Rodríguez-Cano et al., 2016
Quitting smoking is associated with a significant decrease in depression from baseline to follow-up compared with continuing to smoke.
“a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies found that compared with continuing to smoke, quitting smoking was associated with a significant decrease in depression from baseline to follow-up [9]”
From Depression and smoking cessation: evidence from a smoking cessation clinic with 1-year follow-up (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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“In studies like the one conducted by Rodríguez-Cano et al. (2016), abstainers and relapsers at the 12-month follow-up were significantly less depressed than smokers at the end of a cognitive-behavioural intervention for smoking cessation.”
Self-citationEffectiveness of Bupropion and Varenicline for Smokers With Baseline Depressive Symptoms
Zhang, H., Gilbert, E., Hussain, S., Veldhuizen, S., Foll, B. L., Selby, P. L., & Zawertailo, L. A. (2022) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntac288 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Types of Smokers Who Seek Smoking Cessation Treatment According to Psychopathology
Martínez, Ú., del Río, E. F., López‐Durán, A., Martínez-Vispo, C., & Becoña, E. (2017) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2017.1398360 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationMartínez, Ú., del Río, E. F., López‐Durán, A., Rodríguez‐Cano, R., Martínez-Vispo, C., & Becoña, E. (2016) · Acción Psicológica · doi:10.5944/ap.13.1.16722 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of smoking behaviour changes on depression in older people: a retrospective study
Son, H.-G. (2020) · Australian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/ajag.12842 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tütün kontrolü ve bağımlılığının tedavisinde hemşirelerin görev ve sorumlulukları
Kamışlı, S. (2025) · Journal of Dependence · doi:10.51982/bagimli.1537821 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Moss-Alonso, E., Rodríguez‐Cano, R., Martínez-Vispo, C., López‐Durán, A., & Becoña, E. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108439 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationMartínez-Vispo, C., & Becoña, E. (2017) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244017712771
Self-citationCould Depression be Preventable? Evidence and Perspectives
Patten, S. B. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813333-0.00022-6
Depressão e índices de fracasso na etapa inicial do tratamento do tabagismo
da Silva, M. L., Rondina, R. D. C., Martins, R. A., Prunes, M. B. D. C., Tedesco, G. C., & Pereira, F. A. J. F. (2022) · Revista Ciência em Extensão · doi:10.23901/1679-4605.2021v17p255-267
Boredom Susceptibility and Quit Smoking: The Role of Anxiety Symptoms
Suárez-Castro, D., Barroso-Hurtado, M., Martínez-Vispo, C., Becoña, E., & López‐Durán, A. (2023) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2023.2183933
“Smoking cessation outcomes of these treatments are influenced by psychological variables (Moylan et al., 2012; Rodríguez-Cano et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFriling, M., García‐Muñoz, A. M., Lavie, A., Pérez-Piñero, S., Victoria‐Montesinos, D., López-Román, F. J., García-Guillén, A. I., Muñoz-Carrillo, J. C., Cánovas, F., Ivanir, E., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1405156
Ramos-Carro, M., Martínez-Vispo, C., López‐Durán, A., & Becoña, E. (2025) · Substance Use & Addiction Journal · doi:10.1177/29767342251370820
“33,34 Finally, these findings also provide more information on how the broad spectrum of depressive symptoms negatively affects cessation, even when these symptoms are low.”
Self-citationRamos-Carro, M., Rodríguez‐Cano, R., Martínez-Vispo, C., López‐Durán, A., & Becoña, E. (2025) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.113004
Self-citationLi, H., Jin, A., Pan, A., & Koh, W.-P. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121177
- Authors
- Rodríguez-Cano, R., López-Durán, A., del Río, E. F., Martínez-Vispo, C., Martínez, Ú., & Becoña, E.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (ES)
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 191
- Pages
- 94-99
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2173839198
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 2.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- zaguan.unizar.es
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Zaguan (University of Zaragoza Repository) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Competitividad
- FEDER
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- smoking cessation, depressive symptoms, cognitive behavioral therapy, smoking relapse, smoking abstinence, longitudinal follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Recurrence, Smoking, Time Factors, Tobacco Use Disorder, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Smoking Cessation
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