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Cited by 370Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesCardiac Health and Mental Health

Smoking cessation and the course of major depression: A follow-up study

Glassman, Alexander H, Covey, Lirio S, Stetner, Fay, Rivelli, Sarah·2001·The Lancet
DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)05064-9
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Abstract

Background Smokers with a history of major depression who attempt to stop smoking have a higher risk of failure than non-depressed smokers. Anecdotal and post-hoc data suggest that those who successfully abstain are at increased risk of depression compared with individuals who continue to smoke. However, these studies confound effects of abstinence and history of depression. We aimed to assess whether there is an increased risk of depression and for how long that increase lasts.Methods We enrolled 100 smokers (>1 pack per day) with a history of major depression, but who were currently free from major depression and had not been on antidepressant medicine for at least 6 months, in a 2-month smoking-cessation trial. The primary outcome was recurrence of major depression, which we assessed by structured clinical interviews 3 and 6 months after the end of treatment. We verified smoking status by serum-sample cotinine concentrations.Findings 76 participants (42 successful abstainers, 34 smokers) were followed up. 13 abstainers and two smokers had an episode of major depression (odds ratio 7.17 [95% CI 1.5-34.5]; Kaplan-Meier survival curve, log-rank statistic 9.11 [p=003]). Risk of major depression was similar between the first and second 3 months of follow-up.Interpretations Smokers with a history of depression who abstain from smoking are at significantly increased risk of developing a new episode of major depression. This risk remains high for at least 6 months.

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Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)05064-9

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  • The relationship between nicotine dependence and major depression is maintained across adolescents, adults, and adults over age 60.

    “this relationship was maintained across different age groups such as adolescents (Killen et al., 2004), adults (Fergusson et al., 2003), and adults over age 60 (Glassman, Covey, Stetner, & Rivelli, 2001).”

    From Nicotine addiction and psychiatric disorders (2015) · cites this paper as Glassman et al., 2001

  • Smokers with a history of depression are more likely to experience another depressive episode 6 months after smoking cessation.

    “smokers with a history of depression have been shown to be more likely to experience another depressive episode 6 months after smoking cessation (Glassman et al., 2001).”

    From Nicotine addiction and psychiatric disorders (2015) · cites this paper as Glassman et al., 2001

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Authors
Glassman, A. H., Covey, L. S., Stetner, F., & Rivelli, S.
Affiliations
New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
Corresponding author
Glassman, Alexander H
Venue
The Lancet
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2001-06
Volume
357
Issue
9272
Pages
1929-1932
ISSN
  • 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
  • 0140-6736
DOI
10.1016/s0140-6736(00)05064-9
OpenAlex
W2136888211
Cited by
370
References
25
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 20
FWCI
11.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • The Lancet (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Pfizer
  • Martin Family Foundation
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
Keywords
smoking cessation, major depressive disorder, depression recurrence, smoking abstinence, long-term follow-up
MeSH terms
Adult, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Smoking Cessation

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