The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
Open accessAbstract
Background The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses a threat to societies' mental health. This study examined the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and identified the factors contributing to psychological impact in the Philippines.Methods A total of 1879 completed online surveys were gathered from March 28-April 12, 2020. Collected data included socio-demographics, health status, contact history, COVID-19 knowledge and concerns, precautionary measures, information needs, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) ratings.Results The IES-R mean score was 19.57 (SD=13.12) while the DASS-21 mean score was 25.94 (SD=20.59). In total, 16.3% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate-to-severe; 16.9% reported moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% had moderate-to-severe anxiety levels; and 13.4% had moderate-to-severe stress levels. Female gender; youth age; single status; students; specific symptoms; recent imposed quarantine; prolonged home-stay; and reports of poor health status, unnecessary worry, concerns for family members, and discrimination were significantly associated with greater psychological impact of the pandemic and higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression (p<0.05). Adequate health information, having grown-up children, perception of good health status and confidence in doctors' abilities were significantly associated with lesser psychological impact of the pandemic and lower levels of stress, anxiety and depression (p<0.05).Limitations An English online survey was used.Conclusion During the early phase of the pandemic in the Philippines, one-fourth of respondents reported moderate-to-severe anxiety and one-sixth reported moderate-to-severe depression and psychological impact. The factors identified can be used to devise effective psychological support strategies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“COVID-19 survivors in other countries have similar psychological status [11–13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Evidence suggests that this disease has psychological consequences on healthcare workers, students, psychiatric patients and general workers, especially for COVID-19 patients [4–13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, 22.6% and 16.3% of respondents reported clinically concerning levels of psychological impact in Vietnam and the Philippines, the Asian countries with similar cultural context as China [12, 13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“COVID-19 pandemic was reported to have a psychological impact on the students [51–53].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3532534 · Cited by 16,394
The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8 · Cited by 16,378
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729 · Cited by 9,923
Self-citation(1995) · Cited by 6,909
The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934 · Cited by 5,843
Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed
Xiang, Y.-T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30046-8 · Cited by 3,598
COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature
Rajkumar, R. P. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066 · Cited by 3,574 · cited 3×
“In severe instances where presence of symptoms cause social discrimination and avoidance, or lack of basic needs cause hopelessness, the more vulnerable individuals commit suicide (Garger, 2020; Mamun and Griffiths, 2020; Rajkumar, 2020a; Sher, 2020).”
Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., Rasoulpoor, S., & Khaledi-Paveh, B. (2020) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w · Cited by 3,560
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028 · Cited by 2,571
Self-citationThe mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus.
Kang, L., Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, M., Yang, C., Yang, B. X., Wang, Y., Hu, J., Lai, J., Ma, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30047-x · Cited by 2,061 · cited 1×
“…and concerns about COVID-19, precautionary measures about COVID19, information update on COVID-19, the validated Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) instrument (Cheung et al., 2019; Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995; Creamer et al, 2003).”
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Garger, 2020, Illinois couple dead in murder-suicide after man feared they had coronavirus, N. Y. Post
- Miller, 2020, British teen dies after suicide attempt due to coronavirus fears, N. Y. Post
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 631
A topic modeling analysis on the early phase of COVID-19 response in the Philippines
Cuaton, G. P., Caluza, L. J. B., & Neo, J. F. V. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102367 · Cited by 15
“While a corpus has been published about the impacts of the pandemic in the Philippines’ frontline healthcare workers [8], higher education institutions [9,10], students’ psychological health [11], and Indigenous peoples [12], among others, there is still an absence of works analyzing the Philippine government’s respon…”
BackgroundShen, X., Yan, S., Cao, H., Feng, J. B., Lei, Z., Zhang, W., Lv, C., & Gan, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700376 · Cited by 12
Zhu, W., Xu, D., Li, H., Xu, G., Tian, J., Lyu, L., Wan, N., Wei, L., Rong, W., Liu, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.782753 · Cited by 12
Martsenkovskyi, D., Babych, V. V., Martsenkovska, I. I., Napryeyenko, O., Напрєєнко, Н. Ю., & Martsenkovsky, I. (2022) · Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii · doi:10.5114/ppn.2022.114657 · Cited by 13
“Most of the studies of psychological outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic were conducted either in high-income countries [7-10] or in China [11].”
BackgroundResultNicodemus, L., Tabios, I. K. B., Limpoco, A. G., Domingo, G. D. P., & Tantengco, O. A. G. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11175236 · Cited by 12
“The COVID-19 pandemic has caused radical changes to the average Filipino’s life, such as loss of income and decreased social interaction due to the mitigating interventions implemented by the government [10,11].”
BackgroundRelationship Between COVID-19-Infected Number and PM2.5 Level in Ambient Air of Bangkok, Thailand
Pongpiachan, S., Chetiyanukornkul, T., & Manassanitwong, W. (2021) · Aerosol Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s41810-021-00105-6 · Cited by 12
“In spite of numerous studies focused on the influences of pandemic on reducing air pollutants, there is a rising concern that the psychological and social impact of COVID-19 might have played an important role in various aspects such as societies’ mental health, nursing services of elderly patients, anxiety/ depressio…”
BackgroundMental health of students amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: An empirical study
Alam, M. A., Uddin, A. I., Uddin, M. A., Begum, S., Nahar, H., Raihan, T., & Khan, A. G. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09111 · Cited by 13
“The questionnaire link was sent to 837 potential respondents by creating a Google form via different social media, such as facebook, linkedin and by email which was at par with the studies in China and Iran [62], Philippines [63] and Vietnam [22].”
Musa, S., & Dergaa, I. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s354428 · Cited by 12
“A study conducted during the early stages of the pandemic in the Philippines indicated that having a higher number of children in the family was positively associated with a higher level of psychological distress.(12) Furthermore, Ren et al(13) in their study evaluated the psychological impact of COVID-19 following sc…”
BackgroundMental health in digital microsystems across three Asian Reddit communities
achuthan, K., Khobragade, S., Kowalski, R. M., & Raghu Raman, R. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-30760-5 · Cited by 11
COVID-19 nationwide lockdown and it’s emotional stressors among Malaysian women
Balakrishnan, V., Nor, A. M., & Zainal, N. Z. (2021) · Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development · doi:10.1080/02185385.2021.1886976 · Cited by 11
“DASS-21 is often found to be reliable, stable and more distinctive compared to DASS-42, with several COVID-19 related studies adopting it, including those targeting the Asian population such as Bangladesh (Khan et al., 2020) and Philippines (Tee et al., 2020).”
ResultThe Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Residents of Saudi Arabia
Rafique, N., Tufaif, F. A., Alhammali, W., Alalwan, R. E., Aljaroudi, A., AlFaraj, F., Latif, R., Asoom, L. I. A., Alsunni, A. A., Ghamdi, K. S. A., et al. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s360772 · Cited by 12
“7% believed it can be transmitted through contaminated surfaces.(42,43) In addition, 4.”
BackgroundAbdelrahman, R. M., & Ismail, M. E. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09422 · Cited by 12
Cleofas, J., Dayrit, J. C., & Albao, B. T. (2022) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.34172/hpp.2022.11 · Cited by 11
Translation and validation of the Tamil version of depression anxiety stress scales-21
Alagarsamy, S., Sugirthan, N., Mehrolia, S., & Elangovan, N. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100398 · Cited by 11
Impact of COVID-19 and emotional states of Filipino university students
Miranda, J. P. P., & Tolentino, J. C. G. (2023) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v12i3.24707 · Cited by 11
“In the Philippines, the Department of Health (DOH) and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) shared a joint memorandum about the guidelines that are needed to implement the gradual reopening of schools through limited face-to-face, specifically in the higher education sector.”
InfluentialAssociation of post-COVID-19 fatigue with mental health problems and sociodemographic risk factors
Uygur, Ö. F., & Uygur, H. (2021) · Fatigue Biomedicine Health & Behavior · doi:10.1080/21641846.2021.2000251 · Cited by 13
Guo, B.-C., Chen, Y., Huang, W.-Y., Lin, M.-J., & Wu, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1281806 · Cited by 10
“In China, prevalence of depression in children and adolescents increased by 9.1% during the pandemic period (Ma et al., 2021), while 16.3% of the respondents in the Philippines suffered from moderate or severe behavioral health impairment due to the pandemic (Tee et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialHanif, M., & Maruti, E. S. (2024) · Cogent Arts and Humanities · doi:10.1080/23311983.2024.2311004 · Cited by 22
“…in the Philippines, moderate to severe anxiety has been reported and some have experienced depression and moderate to severe psychological impacts (tee et al., 2020). in singapore, the psychological impact of the COVid-19 outbreak among healthcare workers is critical in guiding policies and…”
DUVAR, N. Ç., Kabakuş, A. K., İyit, N., & Alkan, Ö. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316000 · Cited by 11
Shetu, S. N. (2025) · Future Business Journal · doi:10.1186/s43093-025-00448-3 · Cited by 23
Palattao, C. A. V., Solano, G. A., Tee, C., & Tee, M. L. (2021) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC) · doi:10.1109/icaiic51459.2021.9415276 · Cited by 12
“In a study done by [12], they did research on the psychological impact of COVID-19 on the general population of the Philippines by looking into the psychiatric symptoms present and determined the factors contributing effects.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMladenova, Z. (2021) · Journal of Applied Sports Sciences · doi:10.37393/jass.2021.01.8 · Cited by 12
“…imposed quarantine; prolonged home-stay; and reports of poor health status, unnecessary worry, concerns for family members, and discrimination were significantly associated with greater psychological impact of the pandemic and higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression (Tee et al., 2020).”
BackgroundTyphoon Haiyan survivors at the resettlement sites: Covid-19 pandemic realities and challenges
Mangada, L. L., & Cuaton, G. P. (2022) · Dialogues in Health · doi:10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100005 · Cited by 10
“There are also studies published about the impacts of the pandemic on frontline healthcare workers [18], higher education institutions [10,31], students' psychological health [47], and Indigenous Peoples [15] in the Philippines which exposed”
Leung, C. H. (2022) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/02188791.2022.2114425 · Cited by 11
“%) in 2020 (Tee et al., 2020).”
Xie, M., Feng, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., & Lin, D. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03955-6 · Cited by 12
“…regions, including America (e.g., Canada, the United States; see Gladstone et al., 2021; McArthur et al., 2021), Asia (e.g., China, Philip-pines; see Tee et al., 2020; Xin et al., 2020), Australia (Magson et al., 2021; Munasinghe et al., 2020), Europe (e.g., Italy; see Forte et al., 2021; Orgilés…”
InfluentialCleofas, J. V. (2023) · International Social Science Journal · doi:10.1111/issj.12459 · Cited by 16
Hardy, L. J., Mana, A., Mundell, L., Benheim, S., Morales, K. J. T., & Sagy, S. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22544 · Cited by 9
“, 2020), the Philippines (Tee et al., 2020), and Poland (Wang, Chudzicka‐Czupała, et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPsychosocial outcomes of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers in maternity services
Erin, R., & Tekın, Y. B. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2021.1940944 · Cited by 10
Sunjaya, D. K., Sumintono, B., Gunawan, E., Herawati, D., & Hidayat, T. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s347386 · Cited by 13
Pedruzo, B., Catalán, A., Aymerich, C., Bordenave, M., Estévez, O., Gómez, D. A., Herrero, J., Laborda, M., Mancebo, G., Martínez, A., et al. (2022) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2022.04.004 · Cited by 11
Stress, anxiety, and depression in professional graduate students during COVID 19 pandemic
Balakrishnan, B., Muthaiah, V. P. K., Peters-Brinkerhoff, C., & Ganesan, M. (2022) · The Educational and Developmental Psychologist · doi:10.1080/20590776.2022.2114341 · Cited by 11
“DASS-21 is a valid instrument to assess mental health and has been extensively used during the COVID 19 pandemic in the United States (Wang et al., 2021) in addition to China, Spain, Poland, and the Philippines (Tee et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020, 2021 2021).”
MethodSitarz, R., Forma, A., Karakuła, K. H., Juchnowicz, D., Baj, J., Bogucki, J., Róg, J., Tee, M. L., Tee, C., Ly-Uson, J. T., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114012 · Cited by 11
Self-citationOrtega, J. H. J. C., Fucanan, J. M. E., Visaya, M. E. G., Alix, A. L., Besa, M. S., Justine, G. F. K., & Yu, W. L. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment, and Management (HNICEM) · doi:10.1109/hnicem57413.2022.10109398 · Cited by 9
Cleofas, J. V. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13272 · Cited by 9
Li, J. T. S., Lee, C. P., & Tang, W. K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031181 · Cited by 10
“The percentages were not as high as that reported in the current study [58].”
ResultNiazi, A., Alekozay, M., & Najm, A. F. (2022) · Global Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.glohj.2022.02.001 · Cited by 9
Depression, anxiety and stress among people infected with COVID-19 in Dhaka and Chittagong cities
Zahangir, M. S., & Rokonuzzaman, M. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10415 · Cited by 9
“Furthermore, in a study of seven middle income countries in Asia, Wang et al. (2021b) reported that Thailand, Pakistan and Philippines were the top three countries in terms of average anxiety scores of 21.94, 14.02 and 10.60 as well as average depression scores of 19.74, 11.33 and 9.72 respectively.”
InfluentialMonnier, M., Moulin, F., Bailhache, M., Thierry, X., Vandentorren, S., Côté, S. M., Falissard, B., Simeon, T., Geay, B., Marchand‐Martin, L., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31985-y · Cited by 9
Hazumi, M., Kataoka, M., Usuda, K., Narita, Z. C., Okazaki, E., & Nishi, D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40345-9 · Cited by 9
Exploring the relationships between stress, resilience and job performance among nurses in Jordan
Ta’an, W., Hijazi, D., Suliman, M., Rub, R. A. A., & ALBashtawy, M. (2023) · Nursing Management · doi:10.7748/nm.2023.e2112 · Cited by 13
Sleep quality and associated factors amongst Brazilian physiotherapists during the COVID-19 pandemic
Lino, J. A., Frota, L. G. C. G., Abdon, A. P. V., Cavalheri, V., Mont’Alverne, D. G. B., & Mesquita, R. (2021) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2021.1965271 · Cited by 10
“This version of the instrument has been used in different ethnic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic (Le et al., 2020; Tee et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020a, 2020b) and has also been translated to and validated in Portuguese (Vignola and Tucci, 2014).”
MethodPsychological impact on people Due to Pandemic of Covid-19 in selected Areas of Mumbai
Michael, C. (2021) · Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research · doi:10.52711/2349-2996.2021.00128 · Cited by 9
Training practices of Filipino athletes during the early covid-19 lockdown
Pagaduan, J. C., Haddad, M., Chamari, K., Gastin, P. B., Chen, Y., Farooq, A., Gómez, J. P., Mataruna-Dos-Santos, L. J., Hassanmirzaei, B., Bok, D., et al. (2022) · Kinesiology · doi:10.26582/k.54.2.15 · Cited by 9
“Similar outcomes were reported amongst young individuals in the Philippines during the early pandemic (Tee, et al., 2020).”
Navigating the Post-COVID-19 Era of ‘Next Normal’ in the Context of Philippine Higher Education
Cahapay, M. B. (2020) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Educational Management Research · doi:10.21742/ajemr.2020.5.3.06 · Cited by 9
Dementyev, F., Fish, B., Opoku, N. S., Tesfaye, L., Chan, J., Ortiz, L., Montgomery, S., Walker, E. J., & Wilson, S. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1255514 · Cited by 11
“…we did not collect surveys before the COVID-19 pandemic, the gender-related differences may have been exacerbated by the pandemic as the available literature indicates that adolescent females experienced greater mental health declines due to COVID-19 as compared to their male counterparts (49, 50).”
BackgroundThe Urban-Rural Divide and Depression During COVID-19 Pandemic Among Filipino Emerging Adults
Cleofas, J. V. (2022) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2022.2028086 · Cited by 8
“Consistent with previous research in the Philippines (Tee et al., 2020), the findings of the present study indicate high prevalence of depression among Filipino emerging”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNegative emotional symptoms during COVID19 confinement: The relationship with reading habits
Alomari, M. A., Alzoubi, K. H., Khabour, O. F., & Hendawi, M. (2022) · Informatics in Medicine Unlocked · doi:10.1016/j.imu.2022.100962 · Cited by 9
Alibudbud, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2022.1102664 · Cited by 8
“Previous studies among Filipinos found that fear and anxiety can be mitigated by providing adequate health information and economic support and lessening quarantine and lockdown periods (Tee et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialHao, F., Zhang, Z., Lau, S. S. S., Chiang, S., Zhou, D., Tan, W., Tang, X., & Ho, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1319906 · Cited by 8
Self-citationMadhu, S., Kumar, P., & Chandra, S. (2022) · Dialogues in Health · doi:10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100024 · Cited by 8
“The IES-R scale was also validated in general population of Philippines during the pandemic [23].”
Orphans in Syria and Iraq Juggling Balls: Wars, COVID-19, and the NGO’s financial crisis
Abu-Ras, W. M., AbuLaban, A. A., AlQaisi, S. T., AlQaisi, M. T. H., & Decker, E. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2023.2170010 · Cited by 9
“Studies show that COVID-19 is linked to adverse effects on people’s health, mental health, education, and socioeconomic conditions (Golberstein et al., 2020; Pokhrel & Chhetri, 2021; Ray et al., 2022; S. D. Hillis et al., 2021; Tee et al., 2020).”
BackgroundOng, A. K. S., Prasetyo, Y. T., Lagura, F. C., Ramos, R. N., Salazar, J. M. L., Sigua, K. M., Villas, J. A., Nadlifatin, R., & Persada, S. F. (2023) · Public Health in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.puhip.2023.100359 · Cited by 8
Charles, I., Salinger, A. P., Sweeney, R., Batagol, B., Barker, F., Nasir, S., Taruc, R. R., Francis, N., Clasen, T., & Sinharoy, S. S. (2023) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.010 · Cited by 12
Button, P., Fallon, L., & Fowler, K. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01218-y · Cited by 11
Nxumalo, C. T., Tokwe, L., Ngcobo, S. J., Gam, N. P., Mchunu, G. G., & Makhado, L. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2023.2247622 · Cited by 8
Personal Resilience and its Influence on COVID-19 Stress, Anxiety and Fear among Graduate StudentsPreprint
Oducado, R. M., Parreño-Lachica, G. M., & Rabacal, J. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3774615 · Cited by 8
Xu, C., Li, K., Li, C., Xu, H., & Sun, Y. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116952 · Cited by 7
Farhang, M., Álvarez‐Aguado, I., Correa, J. C., Toffoletto, M. C., Roselló‐Peñaloza, M., & Miranda‐Castillo, C. (2024) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580241273187 · Cited by 8
Ferrer, J. P., Suzuki, S., Alvarez, C., Berido, C., Caballero, M., Caraig, B., Flores, P. I., Juson, R. J., Lustresano, A., Opinion, T., et al. (2021) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1093/trstmh/trab025 · Cited by 7
The Academic Experiences of Senior High School Students in the Midst of Pandemic
Jayben, P. L., Sison, J. C., Suarez, S. B. C., de Jesus, M. T., Pelande, J. C., & Uy, M. S. (2022) · East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.55927/eajmr.v1i6.684 · Cited by 7
Rudenstine, S., Schulder, T., Bhatt, K. J., McNeal, K., Ettman, C. K., & Galea, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.120 · Cited by 6
de Moraes, S. H. M., da Cunha, I. P., Lemos, E. F., Abastoflor, L. L. L., Oshiro, M. D. L., BOHRER, R. T. D. D. A., Sarubbi, V., de Souza, F. B., do Nascimento, D. D. G., & de Oliveira, S. M. D. V. L. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274927 · Cited by 12
“Furthermore, it is not uncommon for individuals with moderate anxiety to consider their health status acceptable [44].”
BackgroundRegalado, R. A. (2024) · Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction · doi:10.32890/mjli2024.21.1.2 · Cited by 7
Susanto, S. (2021) · Jurnal Educative Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.30983/educative.v6i1.4467 · Cited by 7
Cordero, D. A. (2022) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01476-3 · Cited by 13
“4% had moderate-to-severe stress levels (Tee et al., 2020).”
Carascal, M. B., Capistrano, P. E., Figueras, M. D. L., Cataylo, O. L. A. C., Zuñiga, S. M. S., Reyes, M. E. S., Medriano, K. K. S., Gamo, A. T., Mendoza, P. D., & Macalipay, S. L. B. (2022) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580221107051 · Cited by 9
COVID-19 related stigma among the general population in Iran
Faghankhani, M., Nourinia, H., Rafiei-Rad, A. A., Adeli, A. M., Yeganeh, M. R. J., Sharifi, H. P., Namazi, H., Khosravifar, S., Bahramian, A., Fathimakvand, M., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14039-2 · Cited by 7
Translation and Initial Validation of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) in Ilokano
Bengwasan, P. D., Bernardo, A. B. I., & Maximo, S. I. (2022) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-022-00696-1 · Cited by 7
“The DASS-21 has not been translated into Philippine languages; instead, the English version has been used in studies that involve educated Filipino samples (e.g., Montano & Acebes, 2020; Tee et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodAnxiety and fear of COVID-19 in the UK general population: A cross-sectional study
Toscano, C. M., Gómez-Salgado, J. C., Fagundo-Rivera, J., Navarro‐Abal, Y., Rodríguez‐Jiménez, L., Climent‐Rodríguez, J. A., & Allande‐Cussó, R. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000033045 · Cited by 7
“[32] Other research highlights that younger populations tend to have poorer mental health outcomes in general.[33] With regard to the sex variable, it is worth mentioning that in all the articles reviewed as well as in the present study, the level of anxiety and, in general, mental health problems, was higher in women…”
BackgroundMohapatra, S., Kumar, P. A., Farooq, U., Jain, P., Khan, R., Hassan, N., Shamim, A., Ansari, M. J., Alalaiwe, A. S., Aldawsari, M. F., et al. (2022) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2022.05.004 · Cited by 7
Guo, J., Zhao, Y., Wang, J., Fang, L., Liu, S., Luo, X., Tang, C., Li, E., Lv, Z., Xu, Y. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.021 · Cited by 7
Aruta, J. J. B. R., Mateo, N. J., Resurreccion, R. R., Galanza, M. A. M. C., & Bernardo, A. B. I. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23214 · Cited by 9
Gender and remote work: associations between mental health and hours of remote work and housework
Silva‐Costa, A., Rotenberg, L., Aquino, E. M. L., Cardoso, L. D. O., Patrão, A. L., da Fonseca, M. D. J. M., & Griep, R. H. (2025) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232025301.04892023 · Cited by 6
Distress, anxiety, boredom, and their relation to the interior spaces under COVID-19 lockdowns
Diker, B., & Demirkan, H. (2022) · International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet-IJAR · doi:10.1108/arch-03-2022-0088 · Cited by 6
Modarresi, S., Seens, H., Hussain, U., Fraser, J., Boudreau, J., & MacDermid, J. C. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-060995 · Cited by 6
Thanh, H. N., Cap, D. M., Thu, H. H., & Quang, D. N. (2024) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.23.511 · Cited by 6
“In our study, the proportions of patients exhibiting symptoms of depression and stress were higher than those reported in similar research conducted in the Philippines [34].”
ResultTiga-Loza, D. C., de Pérez, L. B. A., Ramírez-Cruz, M. Á., & de Diego‐Cordero, R. (2024) · Revista CUIDARTE · doi:10.15649/cuidarte.3296 · Cited by 6
“These results are higher than those reported in Filipino students (mean 19.5; SD: 13.12) 27 and close to the mean of 22.8 points in nursing students in the United States, where a high risk of posttraumatic stress was found in 22.7% of participants 28 .”
ResultInfluentialYirci, R., & Özdemir, T. Y. (2021) · Tarih okulu · doi:10.29228/joh.52016 · Cited by 6
Simulation of COVID-19 Outbreaks via Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Jamil, N. M., Rosli, N., & Muhammad, N. (2021) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2021.2130 · Cited by 7
The relationship between Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak related perceptions and health anxiety
Artan, T., CEBECİ, F., KARAMAN, M., & Atak, I. (2021) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2021.1986452 · Cited by 6
How do people get information for COVID‐19 according to age groups?
Yum, S. (2022) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.3500 · Cited by 6
“First, this study finds that peopele show significant differences among age groups for COVID-19, consistent with the finding of the prior study (see e.g., 34,35,53,54; Tee et al., 2020).”
ResultAdjustment to the COVID-19 pandemic: associations with global and situational meaning
Sherman, A. C., Williams, M. L., Amick, B. C., Hudson, T. J., Messias, E., & Simonton-Atchley, S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03354-x · Cited by 7
“…context of the pandemic (Alkhamees et al., 2020; Fisher et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2020; Qiu et al., 2020; Pierce et al., 2020; Salari et al., 2020; Tee et al., 2020; Tull et al., 2020; Xiong et al., 2020), and a recent meta-analytic review suggested small but significant increases in levels of…”
Lakhdir, M. P. A., Hameed, A. N., Hasnani, F. B., Angez, M., Nawaz, M. T., Khan, M. M. H., Peerwani, G., Nathwani, A. A., & Azam, S. I. (2022) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580221138671 · Cited by 10
Psychological and Behavioral Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents in Turkey
Coban, A., & Kaptan, N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316207 · Cited by 5
“With the outbreak of the epidemic, efforts to control it around the world have caused travel bans and restrictions [3].”
BackgroundInfluentialKaya, N., & Bayındır, F. (2023) · Dental and Medical Problems · doi:10.17219/dmp/157345 · Cited by 7
Balmores-Paulino, R. S., Suryani, A. O., Hta, M. K. Z., Pamoso, A. H. G., Liem, A., & Ting, R. S. (2023) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1027/2157-3891/a000078 · Cited by 6
Yahi, F., Lequesne, J., Rigal, O., Morel, A., Leheurteur, M., Grellard, J., Leconte, A., Clarisse, B., Joly, F., & Lefèvre‐Arbogast, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.768043 · Cited by 6
“Second, the IES-R Questionnaire is not a formal diagnostic tool, but it is widely used to detect symptoms of psychological distress.”
MethodInfluentialInternet Use, eHealth Literacy and Fear of COVID-19 among Nursing Students in the PhilippinesPreprint
Oducado, R. M., Tuppal, C. P., Estoque, H., Sadang, J. M., Superio, D. L., Real, D. V. C., Roa, M. N. T., Malaga, X. G., Quiros, J. D., Fajardo, M. T. M., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3762848 · Cited by 6
Alibudbud, R. C. (2025) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2025.2478149 · Cited by 5
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, the rate of anxiety among the general population was noted to increase among the general Filipino population (Tee et al., 2020).”
Kim, S.-J., Sohn, S., Choi, Y., Hyun, J., Kim, H., Lee, J.-S., Lee, S. H., Lee, Y., & Paik, J. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2022.0178 · Cited by 5
Stress and headaches in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Francisco, J., Golshan, F., Morrison, T. G., & Mickleborough, M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288745 · Cited by 5
“In the Philippines, students during COVID-19 reported greater depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and greater overall psychological impact compared to the employed population [14].”
BackgroundVentura, J. M. F., Corpuz, D. R., & Ortega, J. H. J. C. (2025) · International Symposium on Educational Technology · doi:10.1109/iset65607.2025.00056 · Cited by 5
“While social isolation was effective in controlling the outbreak, it also had negative effects on people's mental and physical health, with reports showing a rise in depression, anxiety, and stress among Filipinos during this time [1].”
Sáenz, E. D. J. Q., Carrillo, J. F. S., Rivera‐Lozada, O., & Bonilla-Asalde, C. A. (2021) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.70655.1 · Cited by 5
Eiman, M. S. N., Aida, F. M. N. A., Mahmudiono, T., & Raseetha, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2021.682263 · Cited by 5
Maouch, M. E., Wang, Y., Jin, Z., Tamutana, T. T., Zhao, K., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.930842 · Cited by 6
Perceived Risk of COVID-19 and Anxiety in Syrian Refugees in Turkey
İkiışık, H., Sürmeli, A., Sever, F., & Maral, İ. (2022) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2022.2134251 · Cited by 5
“…low SES, old age may cause mental health issues that are hard to estimate the impact of in the future (Ebrahim, Saif, & Buheji et al., 2020; (Tee et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021, 2020a, 2021; Xiong CONTACT Hatice İkiışık drhatice.ikiisik@gmail.com Department of Public Health, Istanbul…”
BackgroundAlbaqawi, H., & Alrashidi, M. S. (2022) · Makara Journal of Health Research · doi:10.7454/msk.v26i3.1370 · Cited by 5
Maouch, M. E., & Jin, Z. (2023) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s12124-023-09770-3 · Cited by 6
“…problems (e.g., see Benke et al., 2020; Chew et al., 2020; El Maouch & Jin, 2022b; Gopal et al., 2020; Gues-soum et al., 2020; Ma et al., 2020; Massad et al., 2020; Odriozola-González et al., 2020; Pandey et al., 2020; Shi et al., 2020; Singh et al., 2020; Tee et al., 2020; Wathelet et al., 2020).”
Yang, H., Xian, X., Hu, J., Millis, J. M., Zhao, H., Lu, X., Sang, X., Zhong, S., Zhang, H., Yin, P., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.676914 · Cited by 5
“Two large studies conducted in Bangladesh and Philippine confirmed our finding, in which women were more likely to be suffered from psychological issues from the pandemic (21, 22).”
ResultThe accomplishment of spirituality in the everyday pandemic life of religion-practicing Filipinos
Arnado, J. M., Kabelen, M. A. M., & Doron, R. O. (2022) · Journal for the Study of Spirituality · doi:10.1080/20440243.2022.2048351 · Cited by 5
“The extended quarantine and the altered ways of everyday life have wide-ranging impacts on Filipinos’ psychological, economic, social, and cultural wellbeing (e.g. De los Santos and Labrague 2021; Tee et al. 2020; Buenaventura, Jacqueline, and Lapid 2020; Lavado et al. 2021).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Tee, M. L., Tee, C. A., Anlacan, J. P., Aligam, K. J. G., Reyes, P. W. C., Kuruchittham, V., & Ho, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of the Philippines Manila (PH)
- University of the Philippines Diliman (PH)
- Southeast Asia One Health University Network (TH)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Tee, Michael L.
- Tee, Cherica A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 277
- Pages
- 379-391
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7444468
- OpenAlex
- W3080207218
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 185 · 2021: 185 · 2020: 22
- FWCI
- 51.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, psychological impact, depression, anxiety, stress, psychiatric symptoms, quarantine, home confinement, health information, perceived discrimination, psychological support, Philippines
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety, Child, Depression, Female, Health Personnel, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Philippines, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Single Person, Stress, Psychological, Students, Prevalence, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
