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Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
Open accessAbstract
Background The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses a threat to societies' mental health. This study examined the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and identified the factors contributing to psychological impact in the Philippines.Methods A total of 1879 completed online surveys were gathered from March 28-April 12, 2020. Collected data included socio-demographics, health status, contact history, COVID-19 knowledge and concerns, precautionary measures, information needs, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) ratings.Results The IES-R mean score was 19.57 (SD=13.12) while the DASS-21 mean score was 25.94 (SD=20.59). In total, 16.3% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate-to-severe; 16.9% reported moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% had moderate-to-severe anxiety levels; and 13.4% had moderate-to-severe stress levels. Female gender; youth age; single status; students; specific symptoms; recent imposed quarantine; prolonged home-stay; and reports of poor health status, unnecessary worry, concerns for family members, and discrimination were significantly associated with greater psychological impact of the pandemic and higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression (p<0.05). Adequate health information, having grown-up children, perception of good health status and confidence in doctors' abilities were significantly associated with lesser psychological impact of the pandemic and lower levels of stress, anxiety and depression (p<0.05).Limitations An English online survey was used.Conclusion During the early phase of the pandemic in the Philippines, one-fourth of respondents reported moderate-to-severe anxiety and one-sixth reported moderate-to-severe depression and psychological impact. The factors identified can be used to devise effective psychological support strategies.
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“COVID-19 survivors in other countries have similar psychological status [11–13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
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“Evidence suggests that this disease has psychological consequences on healthcare workers, students, psychiatric patients and general workers, especially for COVID-19 patients [4–13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
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“In addition, 22.6% and 16.3% of respondents reported clinically concerning levels of psychological impact in Vietnam and the Philippines, the Asian countries with similar cultural context as China [12, 13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
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“COVID-19 pandemic was reported to have a psychological impact on the students [51–53].”
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Rasekhjhroomi, A., Ahmadi, Z., Ranjbar, A., Rahmanian, V., Adedi, P., Mohamadi, S., & Jamali, S. (2024) · Current Women s Health Reviews · doi:10.2174/0115734048311737240910073010
Seyhan-Erdoğan, B., Avcı, H., & Açıkgöz, A. (2024) · Revista de Nutrição · doi:10.1590/1678-9865202437e230134
Alibudbud, R. C. (2024) · Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences · doi:10.47836/mjmhs.20.2.15
“However, with the announcement of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, online interest in HIV decreased, probably due to the Filipino public’s more significant concerns about the pandemic resulting in a decrease in interest in HIV (33).”
InfluentialBarretto, D. P., Baustista, A., Ampil, E. R., & Maranion, M. C. A. (2024) · Journal of Medicine University of Santo Tomas · doi:10.35460/2546-1621.2023-0024 · Cited by 1
“[14 ] The same results are seen in a study by Di Tella, et al., where single people have higher degree of depressive symptoms.”
ResultGame-related Behavior among Adolescents and its Association with Psychological DistressPreprint
Amran, M. S., Roslan, M. Z., Sommer, W., Surat, S., & Kutty, F. M. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5343159/v1
Oteng, K. F., Wallace, L. J., Adu, M. K., Lartey, K. F., Arthur, J. A., Dwomoh, S., Owusu‐Antwi, R., Tsali, D. N., Larsen‐Reindorf, R., & Agyapong, V. I. O. (2024) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2024.105
“8,9,13,14,17,19 Studies also find that levels of anxiety during this period have been higher in younger age groups (20-40 years) 20 , potentially due to uncertainty and concerns about employment status, since that age bracket is greatly represented in the active labor force.”
InfluentialAlsulami, O. A., Alsuayri, R. A., Alrashed, H., Hibili, N. H. M., Alkhudairy, A. I. M., Alqam, R. A., & Fadel, Z. T. (2024) · Saudi Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.4103/sjoh.sjoh_37_24
Fawole, O. I. (2024) · African Journal of Biomedical Research · doi:10.53555/ajbr.v27i4s.1466
Lived experiences of Filipino psychologists as mental health professionals
Varela, R. P. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/21507686.2024.2445309
“…health issues in the general population, e.g. highest rate of depression (Jacob & De Guzman, 2016); and in another study reported that 25% of clients experienced moderate-to-severe anxiety and 17% moderate-to-severe depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Philippines (Tee et al., 2020).”
InfluentialFilipino Children during the First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic and Three Years Later
Ligon, C. C. M., Agbing, L. U., Agapito, J. D., Baradi, A. M. A., & Lozano, A. T. (2024) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2024.1212045
The experience of managing patients with anxiety disorders in real clinical practice
Владимирович, А. П., Belskaya, G. N., & Игоревич, Ч. Д. (2025) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/ms2024-427
Risk-Taking, Risk Perception, and Risk Compensation in Times of COVID-19
Guenther, B., Fedrigo, V., & Sanders, J. G. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009438438.006
Evidence from Experiments and Behavioural Insights
Galizzi, M. M. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009438438.003
MAAMBONG-EVARDONE, M. R., Mordeno, I. G., & Ferolino, M. A. L. (2025) · Minerva Psychiatry · doi:10.23736/s2724-6612.24.02579-x
Balancing health and work: Fear predicts gig workers' goals and behaviors during COVID‐19
Fossen, J. A. V., Alanis, J. M., Marquez, S., & Tresidder, A. (2025) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.70014
Bagay, E. (2025) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i02.41042
“The factors identified can be used to devise effective psychological support strategies (Tee et al., 2020).”
Association between cardiovascular health and self-reported depression: 2019 National Health Survey
Prates, M. L. S., Tonaco, L. A. B., Felisbino-Mendes, M. S., Velásquez-Meléndez, G., Malta, D. C., & Moreira, A. D. (2025) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232025304.08822023 · Cited by 1
Surmillon, C. A., & Andang, R. O. (2025) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.390310
Negotiating the Language of Counseling: A Conversation Analysis of Initial Counseling Sessions
Librea, A. C., & Lovitos, A. H. R. (2025) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES · doi:10.47505/ijrss.2025.5.1
The Psychological Impacts of the Coronavirus Crisis on Adults in Jordan
Dahadhah, M. R. N. (2024) · International Journal on Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.33193/ijohss.62.2024.761
Garcia, M. B. (2025) · Learning Environments Research · doi:10.1007/s10984-025-09547-y
“More importantly, Tee et al. (2020) reported that students experience more severe psychological impacts and exhibit greater symptoms of mental health problems compared to those who are employed.”
Pagurayan, K. B., Daug, J. M., & Yayha, A. (2025) · Biomedical Engineering International Conference · doi:10.1109/bmeicon66226.2025.11113784
Wang, J., Xi, R., Su, Z., Feng, Y.-J., Fan, Y., Su, W., Xia, J., Pan, Q., Shi, L., Li, Y., et al. (2025) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2025.10133
González-Riera, F. J., Allande‐Cussó, R., López‐López, D., Castaño-Seiquer, A. L., Macías-Toronjo, I., Fagundo-Rivera, J., & Gómez-Salgado, J. C. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000042980
“Also, based on new recommendations for the study on the reliability of measurement scales, the McDonald Omega coefficient was calculated, giving a total value of 0.951, which confirms the premise of Tau equivalence and is a stronger indicator of scale reliability [49]”
InfluentialCorrelates of problematic smartphone use among Chinese adolescents during COVID-19
Chao, T., Sit, H. F., Chang, C. I., Yuan, G. F., Chen, C., Shen, J., Montag, C., Elhai, J. D., & Hall, B. J. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108654
Metadata
- Authors
- Tee, M. L., Tee, C. A., Anlacan, J. P., Aligam, K. J. G., Reyes, P. W. C., Kuruchittham, V., & Ho, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of the Philippines Manila (PH)
- University of the Philippines Diliman (PH)
- Southeast Asia One Health University Network (TH)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Tee, Michael L.
- Tee, Cherica A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 277
- Pages
- 379-391
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7444468
- OpenAlex
- W3080207218
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 185 · 2021: 185 · 2020: 22
- FWCI
- 51.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, psychological impact, depression, anxiety, stress, psychiatric symptoms, quarantine, home confinement, health information, perceived discrimination, psychological support, Philippines
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety, Child, Depression, Female, Health Personnel, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Philippines, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Single Person, Stress, Psychological, Students, Prevalence, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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