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Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
Open accessAbstract
Background The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses a threat to societies' mental health. This study examined the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and identified the factors contributing to psychological impact in the Philippines.Methods A total of 1879 completed online surveys were gathered from March 28-April 12, 2020. Collected data included socio-demographics, health status, contact history, COVID-19 knowledge and concerns, precautionary measures, information needs, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) ratings.Results The IES-R mean score was 19.57 (SD=13.12) while the DASS-21 mean score was 25.94 (SD=20.59). In total, 16.3% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate-to-severe; 16.9% reported moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% had moderate-to-severe anxiety levels; and 13.4% had moderate-to-severe stress levels. Female gender; youth age; single status; students; specific symptoms; recent imposed quarantine; prolonged home-stay; and reports of poor health status, unnecessary worry, concerns for family members, and discrimination were significantly associated with greater psychological impact of the pandemic and higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression (p<0.05). Adequate health information, having grown-up children, perception of good health status and confidence in doctors' abilities were significantly associated with lesser psychological impact of the pandemic and lower levels of stress, anxiety and depression (p<0.05).Limitations An English online survey was used.Conclusion During the early phase of the pandemic in the Philippines, one-fourth of respondents reported moderate-to-severe anxiety and one-sixth reported moderate-to-severe depression and psychological impact. The factors identified can be used to devise effective psychological support strategies.
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“COVID-19 survivors in other countries have similar psychological status [11–13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
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“Evidence suggests that this disease has psychological consequences on healthcare workers, students, psychiatric patients and general workers, especially for COVID-19 patients [4–13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
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“In addition, 22.6% and 16.3% of respondents reported clinically concerning levels of psychological impact in Vietnam and the Philippines, the Asian countries with similar cultural context as China [12, 13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
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“COVID-19 pandemic was reported to have a psychological impact on the students [51–53].”
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HEALTH AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS FACED BY CHILDREN DUE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC – SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
alsaeed, H. A. J., & Khalil, R. I. (2022) · Mağallaẗ al-Mawṣil li-l-tamrīḍ/Mosul journal of nursing · doi:10.33899/mjn.2022.170471 · Cited by 1
Halder, A., Ghosh, A., Mondal, N., Desai, B., Das, P., & Maity, S. (2021) · Asian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3126/ajms.v12i5.33324 · Cited by 1
The Psychological impact of Covid-19 on General Population in Pakistan
Ain, Q. U. (2022) · PAKISTAN LANGUAGES AND HUMANITIES REVIEW · doi:10.47205/plhr.2022(6-ii)16 · Cited by 1
Ji, W., Shi, W., Li, X., Xi, J., Zhong, J., & Qi, F. (2022) · Informatics in Medicine Unlocked · doi:10.1016/j.imu.2022.100981 · Cited by 1
“During COVID-19, unemployment, community isolation, and fear of being infected caused poor mental health such as PTSD symptoms, anxiety, depression, or stress [34].”
Palmes-Barcela, M. (2022) · International Journal of Research and Review · doi:10.52403/ijrr.20220746 · Cited by 1
The impact of COVID-19 on adolescents’ mental health
Malik (2022) · Current Psychiatry · doi:10.12788/cp.0275 · Cited by 1
Sağlık İnanç Modeli, Turizm Fobisi ve Salgın Hastalıklar
Şahin, B., & GÜVEN, S. (2022) · Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.32572/guntad.1019847 · Cited by 1
Lozano, B. S., & Santiago, H. C. A. (2021) · Revista Cuidado y Salud Pública · doi:10.53684/csp.v1i2.26 · Cited by 1
Psychosocial Services for Students in Metro Manila Universities Offering Social Work Degree Programs
Cauilan, M. A., & Reyes, J. R. (2022) · Asean Social Work Journal · doi:10.58671/aswj.v10i2.21 · Cited by 3
Stress in Adolescents During the Pandemic
Prihanti, G. S., Firdausy, A. M., Aprillia, G., Adiningrum, A. Y., Aji, B. M., & Rahma, N. A. (2023) · KnE Medicine · doi:10.18502/kme.v3i2.13052 · Cited by 1
Psychological variables, physical activity and physical education
(2023) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-2387-2 · Cited by 1
Perceived Stress During Covid-19 Pandemic: Its Relationship To The Academic Performance Of Students
Demetillo, K. M. A. D., Melitante, K. J. A., & Nabua, E. B. (2023) · ACPES (ASEAN Council of Physical Education and Sport) International Conference (ACPES) · doi:10.4108/eai.28-10-2022.2327404 · Cited by 1
Muñoz, K. M., Lozano, M. A., Guintu, P. D., Garcia, I., & Embalsado, J. V. M. (2023) · International Journal of Education · doi:10.17509/ije.v16i1.50257 · Cited by 1
“…reported that 25% of the student sample experienced moderate to server anxiety due to the virus outbreak, quarantine, and fear of infection (Tee, et al., 2020) Additionally, Hegde et al. (2020) presented other contributing factors to anxiety which include fear and worry about one’s health…”
BackgroundAnalysis of online engagement of students in emergency online learning
Ciudad, D. M., Mañgulamas, M., Mañgulamas, S., & Toquero, C. M. D. (2023) · IJERI International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation · doi:10.46661/ijeri.7746
Vlachou, C., Argyriadis, A., & Argyriadi, A. (2021) · doi:10.2196/preprints.34672 · Cited by 1
Rotas, E., & Cahapay, M. B. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4055712 · Cited by 1
The Psychological Impact of Covid-19: A National Survey among Iranian CitizensPreprint
Momtaz, Y. A., Zanjari, N., Delbari, A., & Forughan, M. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0779.v1 · Cited by 1
Gan, Y., & Fu, Q. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-222428/v1
Trivedi, I., & Shah, S. (2021) · International Journal of Health Sciences and Research · doi:10.52403/ijhsr.20210550
Jalon, J. C. T. (2021) · International Journal of Social Science and Human Research · doi:10.47191/ijsshr/v4-i7-34
REFLEKSI SISWA DAN GURU TENTANG MANAJEMEN PENDIDIKAN DI MASA PANDEMI
Khardin, A., Giatman, M., & Ernawati, E. (2021) · Educate Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan · doi:10.32832/educate.v6i2.5121
Mejjad, N., Yaagoubi, H., Gourmaj, M., Moumen, A., Chakhchaoui, N., Farhan, R., & Jahan, M. R. R. (2021) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202111907007
Psychological Wellbeing and Personal Coping Strategies during COVID-19 Lockdown: An Empirical Study
Bajpai, S., & Vispute, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International · doi:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i43a32471
“The study also aims to analyze “the difference in the attitudes of males and females” towards the same [5].”
BackgroundRasib, A. R., Nemat, A., Azimi, M., Zaki, N., Sediqi, M. F., Raufi, N., & Asady, A. (2021) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s329224 · Cited by 1
Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Mental Health Among Medical Frontliners Working in Metro Manila
Eryl, D., Enya, D., Therese, L., Lalaine, R., Sophia, R. G., Luc, S., & T., R. P. A. L. (2021) · International Journal of Research Publications · doi:10.47119/ijrp100841920212240
Abalos, J., Villanueva-Misa, A. M., Caramat, D. M., & Sison, T. H. (2021) · Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.65564/pjim.f589817a30
(2022) · The Annals of Clinical and Analytical Medicine · doi:10.4328/acam.20686
Determınıng The Psychosocıal Effects Of The Coronavırus (Covıd-19) Pandemıc
Bayageldi, N. K. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.14744/phd.2022.45712
DEMİR, Ş., & BAŞ, Ö. (2022) · Batı anadolu eğitim bilimleri dergisi · doi:10.51460/baebd.1032795
Universidad Loyola Andalusia, S., & Wenning, M. (2021) · Kritike An Online Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.25138/15.3.cp
Reyes, R. (2021) · Kritike An Online Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.25138/15.3/a7
Bañas, J. L. P. (2022) · Indian Journal of Science and Technology · doi:10.17485/ijst/v15i13.1541 · Cited by 2
Women mental health status and behaviour change during the COVID-19 in Sudan
Eltayeb, S. M., & Badri, A. B. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09358
“Emerging evidence suggests that vulnerability to the COVID-19 outbreak in South Sudan (Mayai, 2020) affects the elderly (those over 60 years), those with pre-existing health conditions, and women (Tee et al., 2020; China CDC Weekly 2020).”
Influence of Parenting Style to Neuroticism Among College Freshmen Amidst Pandemic
Grajo, M. A., Malveda, K. M., & Marasigan, P. R. (2022) · International Review of Social Sciences Research · doi:10.53378/352891 · Cited by 2
“In a study by Tee et al. (2020) involving 1, 879 respondents, 16.3 % rated psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate-severe, 16.9% as moderate-severe depressive symptoms, 28.8% moderate-severe anxiety level and 13.4% moderate-severe stress level.”
BackgroundInfluentialVilchis-Chaparro, E., Hernández-Pérez, F., Vives-Varela, T., Peña, A. M., Castro-Valdés, I. C., & Hernández, M. M. (2022) · PubMed Central
Metadata
- Authors
- Tee, M. L., Tee, C. A., Anlacan, J. P., Aligam, K. J. G., Reyes, P. W. C., Kuruchittham, V., & Ho, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of the Philippines Manila (PH)
- University of the Philippines Diliman (PH)
- Southeast Asia One Health University Network (TH)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Tee, Michael L.
- Tee, Cherica A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 277
- Pages
- 379-391
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7444468
- OpenAlex
- W3080207218
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 185 · 2021: 185 · 2020: 22
- FWCI
- 51.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, psychological impact, depression, anxiety, stress, psychiatric symptoms, quarantine, home confinement, health information, perceived discrimination, psychological support, Philippines
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety, Child, Depression, Female, Health Personnel, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Philippines, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Single Person, Stress, Psychological, Students, Prevalence, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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