Cited by 381COVID-19 and Mental HealthLong-Term Effects of COVID-19Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 48 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review

Open access

Bourmistrova, Nicole Wallbridge, Solomon, Tomas, Braude, Philip, Strawbridge, Rebecca, Carter, Ben·2022·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.031PMC PMC8758130

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Abstract

Background Acute effects of COVID-19 can be life-threatening. Alterations in mental health during the active infection have been documented, but the long-term consequences are less clear. Method A systematic review was undertaken to investigate the effect of COVID-19 infection on long-term mental health outcomes. Three databases [PubMed, Medline (Ovid) and Cochrane library] were searched between 1st October 2019 and 29th August 2021 with additional hand searching to identify all published studies reporting symptoms of generalised anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or sleep disturbance in participants at least one month after COVID-19 infection. The prevalence and mean symptom score of each were assessed. Results Eight hundred and eighty five studies were found, of which 33 were included in the review involving a total of 6743 participants. The studies’ risk of bias were typically fair quality. The median study age of participants was 57.8 years (IQR 49.3–60.7), with 63.0% male (IQR 57.0%–73.0%). Participants typically experienced no or mild symptoms of long-term anxiety (GAD-7, STAI-S, HADS) and depression (PHQ-9, BDI, PHQ-2, HADS). Prevalence varied depending on the measurement tool. Sleep disturbances (primarily insomnia) were most commonly reported as mild. PTSD prevalence was similar to anxiety and depression. Conclusion The overall effect of the pandemic has been linked with worsening psychiatric symptoms. However, the long-term effect from direct COVID-19 infection has been associated with no or mild symptoms. Studies exhibited the long-term prevalence of anxiety, depression, PTSD, and sleep disturbances to be comparable to general population levels.

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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants typically experienced no or mild symptoms of long-term anxiety (GAD-7, STAI-S, HADS) and depression (PHQ-9, BDI, PHQ-2, HADS).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
  “The included participants typically exhibited no worse than mild symptoms of anxiety and depression.”
§ Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 6,743
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes

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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight hundred and eighty five studies were found, of which 33 were included in the review involving a total of 6743 participants.”
- Also stated in: § Study selection and characteristics · plain
  “The search resulted in a total of 885 articles (Fig. 1 - PRISMA flow chart). After title, abstract and full text screening, thirty-three studies were included”
§ Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 6,743
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median study age of participants was 57.8 years (IQR 49.3–60.7), with 63.0% male (IQR 57.0%–73.0%).”
- Also stated in: § Study selection and characteristics · plain
  “The median study age of patients was 57.8 years old (interquartile range [IQR] 49.3 to 60.7 years old) and the median study proportion of male participants was 63.0% male (IQR 57.0% to 73.0%).”
§ Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 6,743
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, D'Cruz et al. (2021) reported a prevalence of 57%, however, since a validated tool was not used, this was excluded from the statistical summary.”
§ Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review > Results > Secondary outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites D'Cruz et al. (2021)
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies exhibited the long-term prevalence of anxiety, depression, PTSD, and sleep disturbances to be comparable to general population levels.”
§ Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review > Abstract > Conclusion
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- Rests on an assumption: General-population mental health levels during the pandemic provide a valid benchmark for long-term mental health after COVID-19 infection.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Past epidemics caused by SARS, MERS, or ebola have demonstrated that half of the survivors suffered from at least one of the psychiatric conditions examined in this review (Chua et al., 2004; Keita et al., 2017).”
§ Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chua et al., 2004 source
- Not checked yetcites Keita et al., 2017 source
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“Symptoms were lower than the prevalence reported in a control group from one of the included studies (Noviello et al., 2021) and comparable to similar studies in the general public during the pandemic (Salari et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020; Krishnamoorthy et al., 2020), indicating relatively limited long-term anxiety in COVID-19 patients.”
§ Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Noviello et al., 2021
- Not checked yetcites Salari et al., 2020
- Not checked yetcites Zhang et al., 2020
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Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: General-population mental health levels during the pandemic provide a valid benchmark for long-term mental health after COVID-19 infection.
In the paper
“It found similarities in the trajectory of other coronavirus epidemics with a low prevalence of mental health conditions (Rogers et al., 2020).”
§ Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rogers et al., 2020 source
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, the average GAD-7 scores from Hasan et al., 2021 and Gou et al. (2020) were higher than the general public before the COVID-19 pandemic in a German population (Löwe et al., 2008) while the average scores from Park et al., (2020b)) and Kang et al. (2021) were lower indicating uncertainty.”
§ Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Löwe et al., 2008
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Even when disregarding the potential for over-sensitivity of diagnosis in the included studies, the overall prevalence for anxiety was lower compared with SARS, MERS, and ebola epidemics (Chua et al., 2004; Keita et al., 2017; Jeong et al., 2016) than studies that looked at short-term symptoms (Krishnamoorthy et al., 2020).”
§ Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chua et al., 2004 source
- Not checked yetcites Keita et al., 2017 source
- Not checked yetcites Jeong et al., 2016
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In the paper
“Two independent authors (NWB and TS) assessed the risk of bias (RoB) using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) (Wells et al., 2000).”
§ Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review > Materials and methods > Risk of bias assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wells et al., 2000
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In the paper
“Conversely, Xiong et al. (2021) had the lowest prevalence which is likely to be due to clinical interviews which are less likely to result in overestimation compared to self-rated questionnaires.”
§ Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Xiong et al. (2021) source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
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24 of 24

The paper relies on this without support.
The findings from adult hospital or treatment-centre samples can be generalised to COVID-19 survivors outside those settings.
“All studies examined an adult sample from treatment centres or hospitals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mental health symptoms measured at follow-up are attributable to direct COVID-19 infection rather than to indirect pandemic effects.
“However, the long-term effect from direct COVID-19 infection has been associated with no or mild symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
General-population mental health levels during the pandemic provide a valid benchmark for long-term mental health after COVID-19 infection.
“Studies exhibited the long-term prevalence of anxiety, depression, PTSD, and sleep disturbances to be comparable to general population levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The COVID-19 pandemic overall has been associated with worsening psychiatric symptoms.
“The overall effect of the pandemic has been linked with worsening psychiatric symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The PCL-5, TSQ, DTS, and IES-R instruments provide comparable measures of PTSD.
“As for PTSD, overall PCL-5 and TSQ scores were lower compared to DTS and IES-R scores.”

5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

PTSD follow-up trend reverses between results and discussion
Major
The results report higher PTSD prevalence after more than three months than before three months. The discussion instead says the sensitivity analysis found a decrease with longer follow-up.
Anxiety instrument counts total 14 studies, not 15
Minor
The listed instrument groups contain five GAD-7 studies, one STAI-S study, seven HADS studies and one clinical-interview study. These add to 14, rather than the stated 15.
Reported 15 · recomputed 14
Mendez's PTSD score is assigned to conflicting instruments
Minor
Mendez is listed among studies using DTS, but its reported mean is subsequently described as a PCL-5 score.
HADS anxiety study count changes from seven to six
Minor
The anxiety results first list seven studies using HADS, then describe six studies using it.
The sole STAI-S anxiety study is attributed to different authors
Minor
The instrument list identifies Mazza as the one STAI-S study, but the subsequent description identifies Mendez as the only study using STAI-S.
Competing-interest declarations disagree
Minor
One declaration discloses an honorarium received by RS, while the later declaration says all authors have no conflicts of interest.

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BackgroundMethodInfluential
COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: A COVID-rehabilitation unit experience
Alemanno, F., Houdayer, E., Parma, A., Spina, A., Forno, A. D., Scatolini, A., Angelone, S. M., Brugliera, L., Tettamanti, A., Beretta, L., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246590 · Cited by 302
Pulmonary Function and Radiologic Features in Survivors of Critical COVID-19
González, J., Benitez, I. D., Carmona, P., Santisteve, S., Monge, A., Moncusí‐Moix, A., Gort‐Paniello, C., Pinilla, L., Carratalá, A., Zuil, M., et al. (2021) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2021.02.062 · Cited by 275
Short‐term neuropsychiatric outcomes and quality of life in COVID‐19 survivors
Méndez, R., Balanzá‐Martínez, V., Luperdi, S. C., Estrada, I., Latorre, A., González‐Jiménez, P., Feced, L., Bouzas, L., Yépez, K., Ferrando, A. D. G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13262 · Cited by 259
Stress and Psychological Impact on SARS Patients during the Outbreak
Chua, S. E., Cheung, V., McAlonan, G. M., Cheung, C., Wong, J. W., Cheung, E. P., Chan, M. T., Wong, T. K., Choy, K. M., Chu, C. M., et al. (2004) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370404900607 · Cited by 250
Patient-reported outcome measures after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study
Wong, A. W., Shah, A., Johnston, J. C., Carlsten, C., & Ryerson, C. J. (2020) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.03276-2020 · Cited by 207
Anxiety and depression symptoms after virological clearance of COVID‐19: A cross‐sectional study in Milan, Italy
Tomasoni, D., Bai, F., Castoldi, R., Barbanotti, D., Falcinella, C., Mulè, G., Mondatore, D., Tavelli, A., Vegni, E. A. M., Marchetti, G. C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.26459 · Cited by 156 · cited 3×
“…(Noviello et al., 2021), five cross-sectional cohort studies (Mandal et al., 2021; Mendez et al., 2021; Poyraz et al., 2021; Tanriverdi et al., 2021; Tomasoni et al., 2021), three case-control (Guo et al., 2020; Ortelli et al., 2021; Xiong et al., 2021), and two case-series (Negrini et al., 2020;…”
BackgroundMethod
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among COVID-19 Survivors at 3-Month Follow-up After Hospital Discharge
Tarsitani, L., Vassalini, P., Koukopoulos, A. E., Borrazzo, C., Alessi, F., Nicolantonio, C. D., Serra, R., Alessandri, F., Ceccarelli, G., Mastroianni, C. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-021-06731-7 · Cited by 156
Psychiatric morbidity and protracted symptoms after COVID-19
Poyraz, B., Poyraz, C., Olğun, Y., Gürel, Ö., Alkan, S., Özdemir, Y., Balkan, I., & Karaali, R. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113604 · Cited by 147
Surviving COVID-19 in Bergamo province: a post-acute outpatient re-evaluation
Venturelli, S., Benatti, S. V., Casati, M., Binda, F., Zuglian, G., Imeri, G., Conti, C., Biffi, A. M., Spada, M. S., Bondi, E., et al. (2021) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268821000145 · Cited by 146 · cited 18×
“121 (Mazza, 2021), seven using HADS(Morin et al., 2021; Noviello et al., 2021; Poyraz et al., 2021; Tanriverdi et al., 2021; Tomasoni et al., 2021; van den Borst et al., 2021; Venturelli et al., 2021), and one using a clinical interview (Xiong et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression of survivors 12 months after the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea
Park, H. Y., Park, W. B., Lee, S. H., Kim, J. L., Lee, J. J., Lee, H., & Shin, H. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08726-1 · Cited by 142
Pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders and risk of COVID-19: a UK Biobank cohort analysis
Yang, H., Chen, W., Hu, Y., Chen, Y., Zeng, Y., Sun, Y., Ying, Z., He, J., Qu, Y., Lu, D., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Healthy Longevity · doi:10.1016/s2666-7568(20)30013-1 · Cited by 125
Neuropsychological Features of Severe Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients at Clinical Stability and Clues for Postacute Rehabilitation
Negrini, F., Ferrario, I., Mazziotti, D., Berchicci, M., Bonazzi, M., de Sire, A., Negrini, S., & Zapparoli, L. (2021) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2020.09.376 · Cited by 121 · cited 13×
“Seven studies assessed anxiety in severe COVID-19 cases, four using the GAD-7 (Daher et al., 2020; D’Cruz et al., 2020; de Graaf et al., 2021; Park et al., 2020b), one using the STAI-state (Negrini et al., 2020) and two studies using the HADS scale for anxiety(Albu et al., 2021; González et al., 2021).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The high mental health burden of “Long COVID” and its association with on-going physical and respiratory symptoms in all adults discharged from hospital
Naidu, S. B., Shah, A., Saigal, A., Smith, C. J., Brill, S., Goldring, J. J. P., Hurst, J. R., Jarvis, H., Lipman, M. C. I., & Mandal, S. (2021) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.04364-2020 · Cited by 119
Short-term outpatient follow-up of COVID-19 patients: A multidisciplinary approach
Graaf, M. A. D., Antoni, M. L., ter Kuile, M. M., Arbous, M. S., Duinisveld, A. J. F., Feltkamp, M. C. W., Groeneveld, G. H., Hinnen, C., Janssen, V. R., Lijfering, W. M., et al. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100731 · Cited by 102
Depressive symptoms among survivors of Ebola virus disease in Conakry (Guinea): preliminary results of the PostEboGui cohort
the PostEboGui Study Group, Keita, M. M., Taverne, B., Sy Savané, S., March, L., Doukoure, M., Sow, M. S., Touré, A., Etard, J. F., Barry, M., et al. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1280-8 · Cited by 100 · cited 2×
“nosis in the included studies, the overall prevalence for anxiety was lower compared with SARS, MERS, and ebola epidemics (Chua et al., 2004; Keita et al., 2017; Jeong et al., 2016) than studies that looked at short-term symptoms (Krishnamoorthy et al.”
BackgroundResult
Can SARS-CoV-2 infect the central nervous system via the olfactory bulb or the blood-brain barrier?
Burks, S. M., Rosas-Hernandez, H., Alejandro Ramirez-Lee, M., Cuevas, E., & Talpos, J. C. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.031 · Cited by 97
Industry strategies in the parliamentary process of adopting a sugar-sweetened beverage tax in South Africa: a systematic mapping
Karim, S. A., Kruger, P., & Hofman, K. J. (2020) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00647-3 · Cited by 96
The Psychological Burden of COVID-19 Stigma: Evaluation of the Mental Health of Isolated Mild Condition COVID-19 Patients
Kang, E., Lee, S. Y., Kim, M. S., Jung, H., Kim, K. H., Kim, K., Park, H. Y., Lee, Y. J., Cho, B., & Sohn, J. H. (2021) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e33 · Cited by 96 · cited 26×
“Kang et al., 2021 and Poyraz et al. (2021) reported that 27% and 6.3% of the cohort received psychotherapeutic intervention during admission.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Prevalence of sleep disturbances during COVID-19 outbreak in an urban Chinese population: a cross-sectional study
Yu, B. Y., Yeung, W., Lam, J. C.-S., Yuen, S. C.-S., Lam, S. C., Chung, V. C., Chung, K., Lee, P. H., Ho, F. Y., & Ho, J. Y. S. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.07.009 · Cited by 91
’Anxiety and depression symptoms after COVID-19 infection: results from the COVID Symptom Study app ’
Klaser, K., Thompson, E. J., Nguyen, L. H., Sudre, C. H., Antonelli, M., Murray, B., Canas, L. S., Molteni, E., Graham, M. S., Kerfoot, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2021-327565 · Cited by 84
What’s going on following acute COVID-19? Clinical characteristics of patients in an out-patient rehabilitation program
Albu, S., Zozaya, N. R., Murillo, N., García‐Molina, A., Chacón, C. A. F., & Kumru, H. (2021) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-210025 · Cited by 80 · cited 10×
“However, only Albu et al. (2021) presented prevalence results hence the prevalence of sleep quality disturbance was 40% out of 30 cases, with most participants indicating no poor sleep.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Psychological Consequences of Survivors of COVID-19 Pneumonia 1 Month after Discharge
Park, H. Y., Jung, J., Park, H. Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e409 · Cited by 75 · cited 9×
“Data exist on the long-term mental health impacts of epidemics caused by other coronaviruses including MERS (Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome caused by MERS-CoV) and SARS (Severe Acute * Corresponding author.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Functional gastrointestinal and somatoform symptoms five months after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: A controlled cohort study
Noviello, D., Costantino, A., Muscatello, A., Bandera, A., Consonni, D., Vecchi, M. L., & Basilisco, G. (2021) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14187 · Cited by 71 · cited 12×
“121 (Mazza, 2021), seven using HADS(Morin et al., 2021; Noviello et al., 2021; Poyraz et al., 2021; Tanriverdi et al., 2021; Tomasoni et al., 2021; van den Borst et al., 2021; Venturelli et al., 2021), and one using a clinical interview (Xiong et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Extrapulmonary features of post-COVID-19 patients: muscle function, physical activity, mood, and sleep quality
Tanrıverdi, A., Savcı, S., Kahraman, B. Ö., & Özpelit, E. (2021) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-021-02667-3 · Cited by 70
What could we learn from SARS when facing the mental health issues related to the COVID-19 outbreak? A nationwide cohort study in Taiwan
Tzeng, N.-S., Chung, C.-H., Chang, C.-C., Chang, H.-A., Kao, Y.-C., Chang, S.-Y., & Chien, W.-C. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01021-y · Cited by 63
Persistent symptoms up to four months after community and hospital‐managed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Darley, D. R., Dore, G. J., Cysique, L. A., Wilhelm, K. A., Andresen, D. N., Tonga, K. O., Stone, E. C. A., Byrne, A., Plit, M., Masters, J., et al. (2021) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.50963 · Cited by 52
Causal association of circulating cholesterol levels with dementia: a mendelian randomization meta-analysis
Zhang, X., Tian, Q., Liu, D., Geng, T., Xu, X., Ge, S., Zheng, D., Wu, L., Song, M., Hou, H., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0822-x · Cited by 51
Is COVID-19 Associated With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Horn, M., Wathelet, M., Fovet, T., Amad, A., Vuotto, F., Faure, K., Astier, T., Noël, H., Henry, M., Duhem, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.20m13641 · Cited by 48
Mental disorder prevalence among populations impacted by coronavirus pandemics: A multilevel meta-analytic study of COVID-19, MERS & SARS
Boden, M. T., Cohen, N., Froelich, J. M., Hoggatt, K. J., Magid, H. S. A., & Mushiana, S. S. (2021) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.03.006 · Cited by 35
Mind the gaps: age and cause specific mortality and life expectancy in the older population of South Korea and Japan
Jung, M., Ko, W., Muhwava, W., Choi, Y., Kim, H., Park, Y. S., Balew, G., & Cho, Y. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08978-x · Cited by 32
Confirmatory factor analysis and examination of the psychometric properties of the eating beliefs questionnaire
Burton, A. L., Hay, P., Kleitman, S., Smith, E., Raman, J., Swinbourne, J. M., Touyz, S. W., & Abbott, M. J. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1394-z · Cited by 29
A Follow-Up Investigation of Mental Health Among Discharged COVID-19 Patients in Wuhan, China
Li, L., Michael Shengtao, W. U., Tao, J., Wang, W., He, J., Liu, R., Guo, J., Chen, Y., Li, K., Li, S., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.640352 · Cited by 20 · cited 21×
“Seven studies assessed anxiety in severe COVID-19 cases, four using the GAD-7 (Daher et al., 2020; D’Cruz et al., 2020; de Graaf et al., 2021; Park et al., 2020b), one using the STAI-state (Negrini et al., 2020) and two studies using the HADS scale for anxiety(Albu et al., 2021; González et al., 2021).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
SARS-CoV-2 infection and sleep disturbances: nitric oxide involvement and therapeutic opportunity
Cespuglio, R., Strekalova, T., Spencer, P. S., Román, G. C., Reis, J., Bouteille, B., & Buguet, A. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab009 · Cited by 19
Persistent Somatic Symptom Burden and Sleep Disturbance in Patients with COVID-19 During Hospitalization and After Discharge: A Prospective Cohort Study
Huang, S., Zhuang, W., Wang, D., Zha, L., Xu, X. Z., Li, X., Shi, Q., Wang, X. S., & Qiao, G. (2021) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.930447 · Cited by 17 · cited 4×
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MethodInfluential
Provision of holistic care after severe COVID-19 pneumonia: anticipating clinical need and managing resources
D'Cruz, R. F., Perrin, F., Birring, S. S., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30529-4 · Cited by 11

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7 of the 79 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Darley, 2021, Persistent symptoms up to four months after community and hospital-managed SARS-CoV-2 infection, The Medical Journal of Australia, 10.5694/mja2.50963 · DOI
Hasan, 2021, Mental Health of the COVID-19 Patients in Bangladesh. Mymensingh medical journal, MMJ, 30, 189
Yu, 2020, Prevalence of sleep disturbances during COVID-19 outbreak in an urban Chinese population: a cross-sectional study, Sleep Med., 74, 18, 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.07.009 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Understanding and Fostering Mental Health and Well-Being among University Faculty: A Narrative Review
Halat, D. H., Soltani, A., Dalli, R., Alsarraj, L., & Malki, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12134425 · Cited by 444
“Within the first year of the pandemic, there was a 25% increase in the prevalence of depression and anxiety worldwide [13], with documented worsening of psychiatric symptoms [14], especially during lockdown, with the associated social isolation [15,16].”
Background
Global trends in youth suicide from 1990 to 2020: An analysis of data from the WHO mortality database
Bertuccio, P., Amerio, A., Grande, E., La Vecchia, C., Costanza, A., Aguglia, A., Berardelli, I., Serafini, G., Amore, M., Pompili, M., et al. (2024) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102506 · Cited by 212
“45 In conclusion, geographical heterogeneity in suicide mortality patterns among young individuals and the worrying upward trends in some countries highlight the importance of addressing this complex issue, on a global scale, with a multidisciplinary approach.”
Background
Fatigue and cognitive impairment after COVID-19: A prospective multicentre study
Hartung, T. J., Neumann, C., Bahmer, T. J., Chaplinskaya-Sobol, I., Endres, M., Geritz, J., Hæusler, K. G., Heuschmann, P. U., Hildesheim, H., Hinz, A., et al. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101651 · Cited by 168
“40,41 Indeed, mean anxiety scores on the GAD-7 were not higher in our patient sample than in a German general population survey during the same period.”
Global burden of mental health problems among children and adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic: An umbrella review
Hossain, M. M., Nesa, F., Das, J., Aggad, R., Tasnim, S., Bairwa, M. L., Ma, P., & Ramı́rez, G. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114814 · Cited by 184
Long COVID symptoms in SARS-CoV-2-positive children aged 0–14 years and matched controls in Denmark (LongCOVIDKidsDK): a national, cross-sectional study
Berg, S. K., Palm, P., Nygaard, U., Bundgaard, H., Petersen, M. N. S., Rosenkilde, S., Thorsted, A. B., Ersbøll, A. K., Thygesen, L. C., Nielsen, S. D., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00154-7 · Cited by 131

See all 381

Authors: Bourmistrova, N. W., Solomon, T., Braude, P., Strawbridge, R., & Carter, B.
Affiliations: King's College London (GB)
North Bristol NHS Trust (GB)
Corresponding author: Carter, Ben
ORCID: Braude, Philip
Strawbridge, Rebecca
Carter, Ben
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2022-02
Volume: 299
Pages: 118-125
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.031
PMC: PMC8758130
OpenAlex: W3213906311
Semantic Scholar: 822529366cca7ca42b197910253d2232de588965
Cited by: 369
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 69
FWCI: 8.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, long-term psychological effects, post-COVID-19 mental health, generalized anxiety disorder, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disorders, insomnia
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pandemics

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Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review

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