Prevalence of psychological morbidities among general population, healthcare workers and COVID-19 patients amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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This review was done to synthesize the existing evidence on the prevalence of various psychological morbidities among general public, healthcare workers and COVID-19 patients amidst this pandemic situation. Systematic searches were conducted in various databases and search engines such as Medline, Chinese national knowledge infrastructure, Cochrane library, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar from inception until 22 April 2020. Newcastle Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of included studies. We carried out a meta-analysis with random-effects model and reported pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).A total of 50 studies were included in the review. Only seven studies (14%) had low risk of bias. Pooled prevalence rate of psychological morbidities includes poor sleep quality (40%), stress (34%), psychological distress (34%), insomnia (30%), post-traumatic stress symptoms (27%), anxiety (26%), depression (26%). Pooled prevalence rate of psychological morbidities with respect to impact of event due to COVID-19 pandemic was 44% (95%CI-42% to 47%). The burden of these psychological morbidities was highest among the COVID-19 patients followed by healthcare workers and general population.
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Mental health issues appear more frequently among COVID-19 survivors compared with other respiratory infections, healthcare workers or the general population.
“These issues appear to arise more frequently among COVID-19 survivors compared with other respiratory infections,9 healthcare workers or the general population3 as seen in the larger prevalence of depression, anxiety and insomnia.”
From Psychological treatments for the mental health symptoms among individuals infected with COVID-19: a scoping review protocol (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
The Results report higher depression and anxiety prevalence among COVID-19 patients than among healthcare workers or the general population, and the Discussion describes the overall burden as highest among patients. The paper does not establish that these rates apply specifically to survivors, and its insomnia results do not include a COVID-19 patient estimate. The comparison with other respiratory infections is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of self-reported modest-to-severe posttraumatic stress symptoms in the global general population ranged from 7% to 53.8%, compared with a world average of 3.9%-7.8% prior to the pandemic.
“The prevalence of self-reported modest-to-severe posttraumatic stress symptoms in the global general population ranged from 7 % to 53.8 % during the pandemic (Xiong et al., 2020; Krishnamoorthy et al., 2020), compared to the world average of 3.9 %–7.8 % prior to the pandemic (McLaughlin et al., 2015; Koenen et al., 2017).”
From Efficacy and mechanisms of mobile application-delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in China: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as Krishnamoorthy et al., 2020
The Results section reports post-traumatic stress symptoms in the general population during the pandemic, with a pooled prevalence of 15% (95% CI: 4%–31%). It does not report the cited 7%–53.8% range or establish that those figures represent modest-to-severe self-reported symptoms. The pre-pandemic comparison is attributed to other cited sources, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExcept for PHQ-9 and HRSD, depression prevalence was below that seen in pandemic-era general-population and healthcare-worker studies using a mild threshold.
“All except PHQ-9 and HRSD reported lower than expected prevalence compared to other studies that examined the general population and healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic using a mild disease severity threshold (Salari et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020; Krishnamoorthy et al., 2020).”
From Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as Krishnamoorthy et al., 2020
In pooled analysis, the combined prevalence of depression across the included studies was not higher than the expected prevalence in the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic.
“When pooled, the combined prevalence of all studies reporting depression was no higher than would be expected in the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic (Salari et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020; Krishnamoorthy et al., 2020).”
From Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as Krishnamoorthy et al., 2020
Available data indicate that COVID-19 patients mainly present depressive symptoms (42-65%), anxiety (37-47%), and PTSS (93-96%).
“Although studies on psychiatric symptoms accompanying SARS-CoV-2 illness need further investigation, the available data indicate that COVID-19 patients mainly present depressive symptoms (42–65%), anxiety (37–47%), and PTSS (93–96%).”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [178]
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“…modest-to-severe posttraumatic stress symptoms in the global general population ranged from 7 % to 53.8 % during the pandemic (Xiong et al., 2020; Krishnamoorthy et al., 2020), compared to the world average of 3.9 % – 7.8 % prior to the pandemic (McLaughlin et al., 2015; Koenen et al., 2017).”
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Life Experiences in Neuromuscular Tracheotomized Patients in Times of Covid-19
Volpato, E., Pierucci, P., De Candia, M. L., Casparrini, M., Volpi, V., Pagnini, F., Carpagnano, G. E., & Banfi, P. (2023) · Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases · doi:10.3233/jnd-221597 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Results raised the presence of patients with diverse backgrounds and marital and educational statuses and it is still unknown how these factors may help approach the stress pandemic related in different ways [29, 39].”
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- Authors
- Krishnamoorthy, Y., Nagarajan, R., Saya, G. K., & Menon, V.
- Affiliations
- Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 293
- Pages
- 113382
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7417292
- OpenAlex
- W3047905922
- Cited by
- 550
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 179 · 2021: 167 · 2020: 13
- FWCI
- 8.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, psychological morbidity, prevalence, healthcare workers, COVID-19 patients, general population, sleep quality, stress, psychological distress, insomnia, posttraumatic stress symptoms, anxiety, depression
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Depression, Female, Health Personnel, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Morbidity, Stress, Psychological, Prevalence, Young Adult
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