Inequalities in dementia incidence between six racial and ethnic groups over 14 years
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Reducing racial/ethnic disparities is a primary objective of the National Alzheimer's Plan (NAPA), yet direct comparisons within large samples representing diversity of the United States are lacking. Methods: Dementia incidence from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2013 and a 25‐year cumulative risk in 274,283 health care members aged 64+ (n = 18,778 African‐American, n = 4543 American Indian/Alaska Native [AIAN], n = 21,000 Latino, n = 440 Pacific Islander, n = 206,490 white, n = 23,032 Asian‐Americans). Cox proportional hazard models were adjusted for age, sex, medical utilization, and comorbidities. Results: Dementia incidence (n = 59,555) was highest for African‐Americans (26.6/1000 person‐years) and AIANs (22.2/1000 person‐years); intermediate for Latinos (19.6/1000 person‐years), Pacific Islanders (19.6/1000 person‐years), and whites (19.3/1000 person‐years) and lowest among Asian‐Americans (15.2/1000 person‐years). Risk was 65% greater for African‐Americans (hazard ratio = 1.65; 95% confidence interval = 1.58–1.72) versus Asian‐Americans. Cumulative 25‐year risk at age 65 was as follows: 38% African‐Americans, 35% AIANs, 32% Latino, 25% Pacific Islanders, 30% white, and 28% Asian‐Americans. Discussion: Dementia rates varied over 60% between groups, providing a comprehensive benchmark for the NAPA goal of reducing disparities.
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Dementia incidence was highest among African American older adults; intermediate for Latino, American Indian and Native Alaskan, Pacific Islander and White older adults; and lowest among Asian American older adults.
“Its findings indicated that dementia incidence — determined by the first presence of a dementia diagnosis in members’ medical records — was highest among African American older adults (the term used in the study for those who self‐reported as Black or African‐American); intermediate for Latino older adults (the term used in the study for those who self‐reported as Latino or Hispanic), American”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [347]
The Results and Discussion place African Americans and American Indians/Alaska Natives (AIANs) in the highest-incidence group, Asian Americans lowest, and Latinos, Pacific Islanders, and Whites in the intermediate group. The claim incorrectly places AIANs in the intermediate group. (LLM, conf=0.92)
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Racial and ethnic differences in trends in dementia prevalence and risk factors in the United States
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“One study used health care claims but, without data on socioeconomic status, could not examine if racial/ethnic disparities exist after adjusting for these factors [41].”
BackgroundDonanemab: Appropriate use recommendations
Rabinovici, G. D., Selkoe, D. J., Schindler, S. E., Aisen, P., Apostolova, L. G., Atri, A., Greenberg, S. M., Hendrix, S. B., Petersen, R. C., Weiner, M., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tjpad.2025.100150 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Optimal cutoffs for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment vary by race and ethnicity
Milani, S. A., Marsiske, M., Cottler, L. B., Chen, X., & Striley, C. W. (2018) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2018.09.003 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
“Racial/ethnic minorities are disproportionately at risk for dementia; African Americans and Hispanics are more likely to develop AD and other dementias than their non-Hispanic White counterparts [1,7] likely because of differences in underlying risk factors [1,7–9].”
BackgroundAssociation of Race and Ethnicity With Incidence of Dementia Among Older Adults
Kornblith, E., Bahorik, A., Boscardin, W. J., Xia, F., Barnes, D. E., & Yaffe, K. (2022) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2022.3550 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
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Association of Neighborhood-Level Disadvantage With Alzheimer Disease Neuropathology
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Majoka, M. A., & Schimming, C. (2021) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.05.005 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
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Tsoy, E., Kiekhofer, R. E., Guterman, E. L., Tee, B. L., Windon, C. C., Dorsman, K. A., Lanata, S. C., Rabinovici, G. D., Miller, B. L., Kind, A. J. H., et al. (2021) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0399 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
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Female sex, early-onset hypertension, and risk of dementia
Gilsanz, P., Mayeda, E. R., Glymour, M. M., Quesenberry, C. P., Mungas, D., DeCarli, C. S., Dean, A., & Whitmer, R. A. (2017) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000004602 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationRacial disparities and temporal trends in dementia misdiagnosis risk in the United States
Gianattasio, K. Z., Prather, C., Glymour, M. M., Ciarleglio, A., & Power, M. C. (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2019.11.008 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationRabinovici, G. D. (2019) · Continuum · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000700 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Disparities by Race and Ethnicity Among Adults Recruited for a Preclinical Alzheimer Disease Trial
Raman, R., Quiroz, Y. T., Langford, O., Choi, J., Ritchie, M., Baumgartner, M., Rentz, D. M., Aggarwal, N. T., Aisen, P. S. S., Sperling, R. A., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14364 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
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Cognitive impairment in the U.S.: Lifetime risk, age at onset, and years impaired
Hale, J. M., Schneider, D. C., Mehta, N. K., & Myrskylä, M. (2020) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100577 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Reproductive period and risk of dementia in a diverse cohort of health care members
Gilsanz, P., Lee, C., Corrada, M. M., Kawas, C. H., Quesenberry, C. P., & Whitmer, R. A. (2019) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000007326 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationNguyen, V. K., Kahana, A., Heidt, J., Polemi, K. M., Kvasnicka, J., Jolliet, O., & Colacino, J. A. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105496 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Alzheimer disease in African American individuals: increased incidence or not enough data?
Barnes, L. L. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-021-00589-3 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
New landscape of the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
Frisoni, G. B., Hansson, O., Nichols, E., Garibotto, V., Schindler, S. E., van der Flier, W. M., Jessen, F., Villain, N., Arenaza-Urquijo, E. M., Crivelli, L., et al. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01294-2 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Trends in dementia diagnosis rates in UK ethnic groups: Analysis of UK primary care data
Pham, T. M., Petersen, I., Walters, K., Raine, R., Manthorpe, J., Mukadam, N., & Cooper, C. (2018) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s152647 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
García, M. A., Downer, B. G., Chiu, C., Saenz, J. L., Rote, S. M., & Wong, R. (2017) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnx142 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Reducing Cardiovascular Disparities Through Community-Engaged Implementation Research
Mensah, G. A., Cooper, R., Siega‐Riz, A. M., Cooper, L. A., Smith, J. D., Brown, C. H., Westfall, J. M., Ofili, E., Price, L. N., Arteaga, S. S., et al. (2018) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.117.312243 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The effect of white matter hyperintensities on cognition is mediated by cortical atrophy
Rizvi, B. M., Narkhede, A., Last, B. S., Budge, M., Tosto, G., Manly, J. J., Schupf, N., Mayeux, R. P., & Brickman, A. M. (2017) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.12.006 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Deters, K., Napolioni, V., Sperling, R. A., Greicius, M. D., Mayeux, R. P., Hohman, T. J., & Mormino, E. C. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000011599 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Greater representation of minority populations is needed, especially considering that self-identified non-Hispanic Black (NHB) individuals are at greater risk of clinical AD.6,7 The mechanisms underlying this heightened risk of clinical AD in NHB people remain unknown, but may be related to several risk factors that d…”
BackgroundGonzález, H. M., Tarraf, W., Fornage, M., González, K. T., Chai, A., Youngblood, M., Abreu, M. D. L. A., Zeng, D.-L., Thomas, S., Talavera, G., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.08.192 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Latinos comprise about one-fifth of an increasingly diverse America and may be disproportionally affected by ADRD [4].”
BackgroundAntiamyloid Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Alzheimer Disease
Ramanan, V. K., Armstrong, M. J., Choudhury, P., Coerver, K. A., Hamilton, R. H., Klein, B. C., Wolk, D. A., Wessels, S. R., & Jones, L. K. (2023) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000207757 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Survival after dementia diagnosis in five racial/ethnic groups
Mayeda, E. R., Glymour, M. M., Quesenberry, C. P., Johnson, J. K., Pérez‐Stable, E. J., & Whitmer, R. A. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.12.008 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) is an integrated health care delivery system that provides comprehensive medical care to more than 3.7 million members (approximately 30% of the population in the geographic region), with 16% of members enrolled in Medicare and 8% of members enrolled in the California Medic…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationProgress and future challenges in aging and diversity research in the United States
Brewster, P. W. H., Barnes, L. L., Haan, M. N., Johnson, J. K., Manly, J. J., Nápoles, A. M., Whitmer, R. A., Carvajal‐Carmona, L. G., Early, D. R., Farias, S. T., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.221 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, A., Roth, D. L., Cidav, T., Chung, S.-E., Amjad, H., Thorpe, R. J., Boyd, C. M., & Cudjoe, T. (2023) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.18140 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Dementia incidence is higher in African American, Hispanic, American Indian, or Alaska Native older adults compared to White older adults.(17,18) Some studies have also found that social isolation is more prevalent in African American and Hispanic older adults (vs.”
BackgroundPost‐traumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among members of a health care delivery system
Flatt, J. D., Gilsanz, P., Quesenberry, C. P., Albers, K. B., & Whitmer, R. A. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2017.04.014 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationStressful Life Events and Racial Disparities in Cognition Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Zuelsdorff, M. L., Okonkwo, O. C., Norton, D., Barnes, L. L., Graham, K. L., Clark, L. R., Wyman, M. F., Benton, S. F., Gee, A., Lambrou, N. H., et al. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190439 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Cognitive aging disparities remain underexplained: genetic factors such as the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele that contribute to ADRD-related changes in predominantly White cohorts [8, 9] appear more prevalent but less relevant in African Americans [10], and substantial efforts dedicated to identifying cardiovascul…”
Gleason, C. E., Zuelsdorff, M., Gooding, D. C., Kind, A. J. H., Johnson, A. L., James, T. T., Lambrou, N. H., Wyman, M. F., Ketchum, F. B., Gee, A., et al. (2022) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12511 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Zuelsdorff, M. L., Larson, J. L., Hunt, J. F. V., Kim, A. J., Koscik, R. L., Buckingham, W. R., Gleason, C. E., Johnson, S. C., Asthana, S., Rissman, R. A., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12039 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Psychosocial Pathways to Racial/Ethnic Inequalities in Late-Life Memory Trajectories
Zahodne, L. B., Sol, K., & Kraal, A. Z. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx113 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Gleason, C. E., Norton, D., Zuelsdorff, M. L., Benton, S. F., Wyman, M. F., Nystrom, N. C., Lambrou, N. H., Salazar, H., Koscik, R. L., Jonaitis, E. M., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.07.015 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Mapping racial and ethnic healthcare disparities for persons living with dementia: A scoping review
Hinton, L., Tran, D., Peak, K., Meyer, O. L., & Quiñones, A. R. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13612 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
African Americans are less likely to enroll in preclinical Alzheimer's disease clinical trials
Zhou, Y. F., Elashoff, D. A., Kremen, S. A., Teng, E., Karlawish, J. H., & Grill, J. D. (2016) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2016.09.004 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Studies show substantial variation in the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia across racial and ethnic groups, and African Americans may be at highest risk [1].”
BackgroundConscientiousness Is Associated with Lower Risk of Dementia among Black and White Older Adults
Kaup, A. R., Harmell, A. L., & Yaffe, K. S. (2019) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000492821 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Race reporting and disparities in clinical trials on Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review.
Canevelli, M., Bruno, G., Grande, G., Quarata, F., Raganato, R., Remiddi, F., Valletta, M., Zaccaria, V., Vanacore, N., & Cesari, M. (2019) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.020 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Dhana, K., Beck, T., Desai, P., Wilson, R. S., Evans, D. A., & Rajan, K. B. (2023) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13081 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Long-term Glycemic Control and Dementia Risk in Type 1 Diabetes
LACY, M. E., Gilsanz, P., Karter, A. J., Quesenberry, C. P., Pletcher, M. J., & Whitmer, R. A. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-0073 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationCorrelates of Subjective Cognitive Decline in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Older Adults
Flatt, J. D., Johnson, J. K., Karpiak, S. E., Seidel, L., Larson, B., & Brennan-Ing, M. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-171061 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Tamsulosin and the risk of dementia in older men with benign prostatic hyperplasia
Duan, Y., Grady, J. J., Albertsen, P. C., & Wu, Z. H. (2018) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.4361 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“The dementia case ascertainment in our study was based on a validated algorithm using claims data.20,32 Taylor et al used the battery of ICD‐9 codes from Medicare claims data and found a sensitivity of 87% for a sample of Alzheimer's disease patients.19 Another study found that the battery of ICD‐9 codes had a sensiti…”
MethodResultInfluentialThe Public Health Road Map to Respond to the Growing Dementia Crisis
Olivari, B. S., French, M. E., & McGuire, L. C. (2020) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igz043 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Studies examining ADRD incidence in Indian Country have estimated that incidence rates are higher in American Indians/Alaska Natives than in Whites and that one in three American Indians/Alaska Natives aged 65 and older will receive a dementia diagnosis during the next 25 years (47).”
BackgroundScherrer, J. F., Salas, J., Wiemken, T. L., Hoft, D. F., Jacobs, C. K., & Morley, J. E. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257405 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Prior studies have shown black persons have a higher incidence of dementia [21].”
BackgroundKivimäki, M., Walker, K. A., Pentti, J., Nyberg, S. T., Mars, N., Vahtera, J., Suominen, S. B., Lallukka, T., Rahkonen, O., Pietiläinen, O., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1804 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
What the Aducanumab Approval Reveals About Alzheimer Disease Research
Manly, J. J., & Glymour, M. M. (2021) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.3404 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation Between Birth in a High Stroke Mortality State, Race, and Risk of Dementia
Gilsanz, P., Mayeda, E. R., Glymour, M. M., Quesenberry, C. P., & Whitmer, R. A. (2017) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1553 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“This method of death ascertainment has previously been used in studies of this population.(12,25) Key Points”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationDimensions of Religious Involvement Represent Positive Pathways in Cognitive Aging
Kraal, A. Z., Sharifian, N., Zaheed, A. B., Sol, K., & Zahodne, L. B. (2019) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027519862745 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ethnic Differences in Dementia Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Shiekh, S. I., Cadogan, S. L., Lin, L.-Y., Mathur, R., Smeeth, L. L., & Warren‐Gash, C. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201209 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“…non-ambulatory status 1,168 White 817 Black unclear average follow-up of 3.9 years 1944 total, mean age of cohort at baseline 78.8 years, 39.3% male Mayeda 2016 [17] US, EHR Cohort 2000–2013 EHR English 65 years or older, included in KPNC database, no dementia diagnosis at study onset 274,283…”
BackgroundInfluentialOmura, J. D., McGuire, L. C., Patel, R., Baumgart, M., Lamb, R., Jeffers, E. M., Olivari, B. S., Croft, J. B., Thomas, C. W., & Hacker, K. A. (2022) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7120a2 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Rizvi, B., Lao, P. J., Chesebro, A. G., Dworkin, J. D., Amarante, E., Beato, J. M., Gutierrez, J., Zahodne, L. B., Schupf, N., Manly, J. J., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25166 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Race/Ethnic Disparities in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: The Northern Manhattan Study
Wright, C. B., DeRosa, J. T., Moon, M. P., Strobino, K., DeCarli, C. S., Cheung, Y. K., Assuras, S., Levin, B. E., Stern, Y., Sun, X., et al. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201370 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Ford, E. M., Milne, R., & Curlewis, K. (2023) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.1492 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Hence, for example, in the United States, African-Americans are at greater risk of dementia than whites and Asian-Americans (Mayeda et al., 2016), as are those living in areas of the United Kingdom with higher levels of deprivation (Matthews et al.”
BackgroundGrant, W. B. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2016.1161566 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“A recent paper presented findings on inequalities in dementia incidence between 6 racial and ethnic groups over 14 years [129].”
BackgroundCaunca, M. R., Odden, M. C., Glymour, M. M., Elfassy, T., Kershaw, K. N., Sidney, S., Yaffe, K., Launer, L., & Zeki Al Hazzouri, A. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0860 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Body mass index, mean (SD)b 25 (6) 26 (6) 25 (5)”
Self-citationSocial Isolation: An Unequally Distributed Health Hazard
Umberson, D., & Donnelly, R. (2023) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-031021-012001 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Atri, A., Dickerson, B. C., Clevenger, C. K., Karlawish, J. H., Knopman, D. S., Lin, P., Norman, M., Onyike, C. U., Sano, M., Scanland, S., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14333 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“159,162 The prevalence rates are likely underestimated, and better data are needed, particularly in Native American, most Asian American, and Pacific Islander populations.”
Avila, J. F., Rentería, M. A., Witkiewitz, K. A., Verney, S. P., Vonk, J. M. J., & Manly, J. J. (2019) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000584 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Portacolone, E., Chodos, A. H., Halpern, J., Covinsky, K. E., Keiser, S., Fung, J., Rivera, E., Tran, T., Bykhovsky, C., & Johnson, J. K. (2020) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnaa201 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Heterogeneity in 14-year Dementia Incidence Between Asian American Subgroups
Mayeda, E. R., Glymour, M. M., Quesenberry, C. P., & Whitmer, R. A. (2017) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000189 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationStressors in Midlife and Risk of Dementia
Gilsanz, P., Quesenberry, C. P., Mayeda, E. R., Glymour, M. M., Farias, S. T., & Whitmer, R. A. (2019) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000313 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationRepresentativeness of samples enrolled in Alzheimer's disease research centers
Rentería, M. A., Mobley, T. M., Evangelista, N. D., Medina, L. D., Deters, K., Fox‐Fuller, J. T., Minto, L. R., Avila‐Rieger, J. F., & Bettcher, B. M. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12450 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Digital Cognitive Biomarker for Mild Cognitive Impairments and Dementia: A Systematic Review
Ding, Z., Lee, T., & Chan, A. S.-Y. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11144191 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Sex/gender differences in cognitive trajectories vary as a function of race/ethnicity
Avila, J. F., Vonk, J. M. J., Verney, S. P., Witkiewitz, K. A., Rentería, M. A., Schupf, N., Mayeux, R. P., & Manly, J. J. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.04.006 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Consistent with recent literature among racial/ethnic groups in the United States [44], there were no within racial/ethnic group sex/gender differences in incidence rates for NHWs and Blacks.”
BackgroundAfrican ancestry GWAS of dementia in a large military cohort identifies significant risk loci
Sherva, R., Zhang, R., Sahelijo, N., Jun, G., Anglin, T., Chanfreau, C., Cho, K., Fonda, J. R., Gaziano, J. M., Harrington, K. M., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01890-3 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Predicting Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Machine Learning Approach
Aschwanden, D., Aichele, S., Ghisletta, P., Terracciano, A., Kliegel, M., Sutin, A. R., Brown, J., & Allemand, M. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190967 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Likewise, Hispanics were associated with 65% greater chance to develop cognitive impairment.”
Shaw, A. R., Perales‐Puchalt, J., Johnson, E., Espinoza-Kissell, P., Acosta-Rullán, M., Frederick, S., Lewis, A., Chang, H., Mahnken, J. D., & Vidoni, E. D. (2021) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2021.49 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Edwards, R. D., Brenowitz, W. D., Portacolone, E., Covinsky, K. E., Bindman, A. B., Glymour, M. M., & Torres, J. M. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12102 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, R., Weuve, J., Misra, S., Cuevas, A. G., Kubzansky, L. D., & Williams, D. R. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glab099 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Racial disparities in ADRD in the United States are widely documented, with prior research showing that Black Americans are more likely to develop ADRD than their White counterparts (2,3).”
BackgroundLim, U., Wang, S., Park, S., Bogumil, D. D., Wu, A. H., Cheng, I. C., Haiman, C. A., Marchand, L. L., Wilkens, L. R., White, L. R., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12528 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Neuroimaging of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease and Age-Related Cognitive Changes
Caunca, M. R., León-Benedetti, A. D., Latour, L. L., Leigh, R. J., & Wright, C. B. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00145 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Deckers, K., Nooyens, A., van Boxtel, M., Verhey, F., Verschuren, M., & Köhler, S. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180492 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Time, Sex, Gender, History, and Dementia
Rocca, W. A. (2017) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000187 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Health Disparities in Dementia
Balls‐Berry, J. E., & Babulal, G. M. (2022) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001088 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mukadam, N., Marston, L., Lewis, G., Mathur, R., Rait, G., & Livingston, G. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12774 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Association of Sleep Electroencephalography-Based Brain Age Index With Dementia
Ye, E. M., Sun, H., Leone, M. J., Paixão, L., THOMAS, R. J., Lam, A. D., & Westover, M. B. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17357 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Donanemab for Alzheimer Disease—Who Benefits and Who Is Harmed?
Manly, J. J., & Deters, K. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.11704 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Shaw, C., Hayes-Larson, E., Glymour, M. M., Dufouil, C., Hohman, T. J., Whitmer, R. A., Kobayashi, L. C., Brookmeyer, R., & Mayeda, E. R. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1001 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationJames, T., Mukadam, N., Sommerlad, A., Guerra Ceballos, S., & Livingston, G. (2021) · The Lancet Healthy Longevity · doi:10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00001-5 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Atrial Fibrillation and Cognitive Impairment: New Insights and Future Directions
Shamloo, A. S., Dagres, N., Müssigbrodt, A., Stauber, A., Kircher, S., Richter, S., Dinov, B., Bertagnolli, L., Husser-Bollmann, D., Bollmann, A., et al. (2019) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2019.05.185 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mayeda, E. R., Glymour, M. M., Quesenberry, C. P., & Whitmer, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Corresponding author
- Whitmer, Rachel A.
- Venue
- Alzheimer's & Dementia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-02-10
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 216-224
- ISSN
- 1552-5260 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5279
- PMC
- PMC4969071
- OpenAlex
- W2266863819
- Cited by
- 883
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 112 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 41.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Alzheimer s & Dementia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- dementia incidence, racial and ethnic disparities
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Black or African American, Delivery of Health Care, Dementia, Ethnicity, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Indians, North American, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Incidence, Proportional Hazards Models, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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