Gender and incidence of dementia in the Framingham Heart Study from mid‐adult life
Open accessAbstract
Background: Gender‐specific risks for dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) starting in midlife remain largely unknown. Methods: Prospectively ascertained dementia/AD and cause‐specific mortality in Framingham Heart Study (FHS) participants was used to generate 10‐ to 50‐year risk estimates of dementia/AD on the basis of the Kaplan–Meier method (cumulative incidence) or accounting for competing risk of death (lifetime risk [LTR]). Results: Overall, 777 cases of incident dementia (601 AD) occurred in 7901 participants (4333 women) over 136,266 person‐years. Whereas cumulative incidences were similar in women and men, LTRs were higher in women older than 85 years of age. LTR of dementia/AD at age 45 was 1 in 5 in women and 1 in 10 in men. Cardiovascular mortality was higher in men with rate ratios decreasing from approximately 6 at 45 to 54 years of age to less than 2 after age 65. Conclusion: Selective survival of men with a healthier cardiovascular risk profile and hence lower propensity to dementia might partly explain the higher LTR of dementia/AD in women.
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Lifetime risk for Alzheimer's dementia for both sexes was slightly higher at age 65 than at age 45.
“The risks for both sexes were slightly higher at age 65. 261”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [261]
Results §4.2 reports lifetime risk of Alzheimer’s dementia at age 45 for women and men and says that the same trends applied when observation began at age 65. The passages available from our copy do not give the age-65 estimates or establish that they were slightly higher for both sexes than the age-45 estimates (page not provided). (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWomen live longer than men on average, and older age is the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer's.
“Women live longer than men on average, and older age is the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer's.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [286]
The Discussion says women have longer life expectancy, and the Background and Results report that AD risk increases with age. The paper does not establish that older age is the greatest risk factor for AD relative to other factors. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWomen have a greater prevalence of Alzheimer disease than men, at least partly because women live longer.
“It is known that women have a greater prevalence of Alzheimer disease (AD) than men, at least partly because women live longer.1,2,3”
From Sex differences in cognitive decline among US adults (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
The Results (§4.2; page unavailable) report a higher lifetime risk of AD in women than men. The Discussion (§5; page unavailable) suggests that women’s longer life expectancy partly explains that difference, alongside selective survival among men. The paper does not establish the claimed difference in AD prevalence specifically; its prevalence statement concerns dementia in the oldest-old. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe lifetime risk for Alzheimer's dementia at age 45 was approximately 1 in 5 (20%) for women and 1 in 10 (10%) for men.
“As shown in Figure 4, the study estimated that the lifetime risk for Alzheimer's dementia at age 45 was approximately 1 in 5 (20%) for women and 1 in 10 (10%) for men.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [286]
The lifetime risk for developing Alzheimer's disease is two times higher in women than in men.
“The lifetime risk for developing AD is two times higher in women than men [3].”
From Sex specific molecular networks and key drivers of Alzheimer’s disease (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
The risks for both sexes were slightly higher at age 65.
“The risks for both sexes were slightly higher at age 65.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [286]
Results §4.2 gives lifetime dementia and Alzheimer’s disease risks at age 45 and says the same trends applied when observation began at age 65. The passages retrieved for age-65 lifetime risk do not state whether risks for both sexes were slightly higher than at age 45. (LLM, conf=0.68)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Chêne, G., Beiser, A., Au, R., Preis, S. R., Wolf, P. A., Dufouil, C., & Seshadri, S.
- Affiliations
- Université de Bordeaux (FR)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chêne, Geneviève
- ORCID
- Venue
- Alzheimer's & Dementia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-01-13
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 310-320
- ISSN
- 1552-5260 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5279
- PMC
- PMC4092061
- OpenAlex
- W2135140141
- Cited by
- 499
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 12.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Alzheimer s & Dementia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS17950)
- Fondation Plan Alzheimer
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- dementia, Alzheimer's disease
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cardiovascular Diseases, Dementia, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Massachusetts, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Sex Factors, Incidence, Survival Analysis, Risk Assessment
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