The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
More reasons to be straightforward: Findings and norms for two scales relevant to social anxiety
Open accessAbstract
The validity of both the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation scale has been well-supported, yet the scales have a small number of reverse-scored items that may detract from the validity of their total scores. The current study investigates two characteristics of participants that may be associated with compromised validity of these items: higher age and lower levels of education. In community and clinical samples, the validity of each scale's reverse-scored items was moderated by age, years of education, or both. The straightforward items did not show this pattern. To encourage the use of the straightforward items of these scales, we provide normative data from the same samples as well as two large student samples. We contend that although response bias can be a substantial problem, the reverse-scored questions of these scales do not solve that problem and instead decrease overall validity.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Participants exhibited elevated symptoms of social anxiety (LSAS, M = 80.48, SD = 15.71; SIAS-SF, M = 45.86, SD = 6.90) comparable to treatment-seeking samples reported in prior research (e.g., Clark et al., 2006; Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
From The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Rodebaugh et al., 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,647
The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition
Salthouse, T. A. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.3.403 · Cited by 5,902 · cited 1×
“Increasing age is correlated with decreases in cognitive abilities such as explicit memory, reasoning, and processing speed (Salthouse, 1996, 2000; Schaie & Willis, 1993).”
BackgroundMeasurement of social-evaluative anxiety.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027806 · Cited by 3,467 · cited 1×
“The BFNE (Leary, 1983) is a 12-item measure based on the original Fear of Negative Evaluation scale (FNE; Watson & Friend, 1969) and employing a 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely) Likert-type scale.”
MethodMattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6 · Cited by 3,367 · cited 2×
“The Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation scale (BFNE; Leary, 1983) and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS; Mattick & Clarke, 1998) both have a small number of reverse-scored items that have demonstrated problematic reliability and validity across multiple studies (Carleton et al., 2009; Duke,…”
BackgroundMethodBeckman, R. J., & Weisberg, S. (1987) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1269895 · Cited by 2,835
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Raber, G., & Spokas, M. (2024) · doi:10.4135/9781071886229.n145 · Cited by 2,806
Amelia II: A Program for Missing Data
Honaker, J., King, G., & Blackwell, M. (2011) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v045.i07 · Cited by 2,552
A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale
Leary, M. R. (1983) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167283093007 · Cited by 2,178 · cited 3×
“The measure related highly to the FNE and demonstrated very good test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and convergent validity (Leary, 1983).”
BackgroundMethodAging and measures of processing speed
Salthouse, T. A. (2000) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(00)00052-1 · Cited by 1,114 · cited 3×
“Increasing age is correlated with decreases in cognitive abilities such as explicit memory, reasoning, and processing speed (Salthouse, 1996, 2000; Schaie & Willis, 1993).”
BackgroundResult
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Loneliness over time: The crucial role of social anxiety.
Lim, M. H., Rodebaugh, T. L., Zyphur, M. J., & Gleeson, J. F. M. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000162 · Cited by 443
Self-citationSocial anxiety in young people: A prevalence study in seven countries
Jefferies, P., & Ungar, M. T. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239133 · Cited by 413
“, 45] and found to accurately discriminate between clinical and non-clinical participants [53].”
BackgroundMethodWeidman, A. C., Fernandez, K. C., Levinson, C. A., Augustine, A. A., Larsen, R. J., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.03.003 · Cited by 286
“Participants completed the 17 straightforward items of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (S-SIAS; Mattick & Clarke, 1998; Rodebaugh et al., 2011); items are on a 1 (Very inaccurate) to 5 (Very accurate) scale (M = 2.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRodebaugh, T. L., Tonge, N., Piccirillo, M. L., Fried, E. I., Horenstein, A., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., Lim, M. H., Fernandez, K. C., et al. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000336 · Cited by 245
“Furthermore, it has displayed strong construct validity in both undergraduate and clinical samples, as well as strong convergent validity with other measures of social anxiety and divergent validity with other psychological or personality constructs (Rodebaugh et al., 2007, 2011).”
Self-citationLevinson, C. A., Rodebaugh, T. L., White, E. K., Menatti, A. R., Weeks, J. W., McClendon, J., & Warren, C. S. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.002 · Cited by 198
“85; 22% of participants scored above the cutoff, which is similar to what has been reported in other undergraduate samples) (Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationKashdan, T. B., & Farmer, A. S. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0035796 · Cited by 162
“72) were commensurate with clients in treatment for SAD (Rodebaugh et al., 2011), and significantly higher than the healthy control group (M 8.”
InfluentialKashdan, T. B., Farmer, A. S., Adams, L. M., Ferssizidis, P., McKnight, P. E., & Nezlek, J. B. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032733 · Cited by 162
“The means for our SAD group were commensurate with clients in treatment for SAD (M 43.93, SD 11.84; Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
MethodResultInfluentialKaplan, S. C., Levinson, C. A., Rodebaugh, T. L., Menatti, A. R., & Weeks, J. W. (2015) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1008032 · Cited by 140
“S-SIAS (Rodebaugh, Woods, Heimberg, Liebowitz, and Schneier, 2006; Rodebaugh et al., 2011) is a 17-item measure of anxietyrelated reactions to social situations that includes only the straightforward items from the original Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (Mattick & Clarke, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationDryman, M., Gardner, S., Weeks, J. W., & Heimberg, R. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.12.003 · Cited by 112
Self-citationBlood, G. W., & Blood, I. M. (2016) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2016.10.002 · Cited by 124
Fredman, S. J., Vorstenbosch, V., Wagner, A. C., Macdonald, A., & Monson, C. M. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.04.001 · Cited by 109
A pilot digital intervention targeting loneliness in young people with psychosis
Lim, M. H., Gleeson, J., Rodebaugh, T. L., Eres, R., Long, K. M., Casey, K., Abbott, J.-A., Thomas, N., & Penn, D. L. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01681-2 · Cited by 113
Self-citationA Pilot Digital Intervention Targeting Loneliness in Youth Mental Health
Lim, M. H., Rodebaugh, T. L., Eres, R., Long, K. M., Penn, D. L., & Gleeson, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00604 · Cited by 100
“The 17 straightforwardly-worded items (S-SIAS) were found to be more valid indicators of social interaction anxiety than the reverse-scored items across different samples (57).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFernandez, K. C., Levinson, C. A., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2012) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611434967 · Cited by 89
“…because available evidence suggests that these items fail to load on the same factor as the other items, appear less related to social anxiety and more related to extraversion than is desirable, and impair the validity of the scale in a variety of ways (see Rodebaugh et al., 2011, for a review).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCardi, V., Mallorquí-Bagué, N., Albano, G., Monteleone, A. M., Fernández-Aranda, F., & Treasure, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00012 · Cited by 83
“The removal of the four reversed scored items has been found to improve the validity of this scale (39) and therefore these items were removed from the analysis in this study.”
MethodSelf‐compassion and emotional regulation as predictors of social anxiety
Bates, G. W., Elphinstone, B., & Whitehead, R. E. (2020) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12318 · Cited by 106
“Following recommendations by Rodebaugh et al. (2011) we only scored the 17 straightforward items to reduce error variance.”
BackgroundMethodFarmer, A. S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613495200 · Cited by 81
“Notably, the means for our SAD group on the SIAS-S were commensurate with average scores of clients in treatment for SAD (M = 43.93, SD = 11.84) and substantially higher than scores of community samples of adults (M = 16.30, SD = 12.48; Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLoneliness and emotion regulation: implications of having social anxiety disorder
Eres, R., Lim, M. H., Lanham, S., Jillard, C., & Bates, G. W. (2021) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2021.1904498 · Cited by 86
“Due to the questionable validity with reverse-scored items, Rodebaugh et al. (2011) suggested that only the 17 straightforwardly worded items of the original scale should be used to avoid interpretation problems.”
BackgroundInfluentialLevinson, C. A., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.07.024 · Cited by 80
“A total of 26.6% of participants scored a 28 or higher, which has been suggested as a cut-off score for probable social anxiety disorder (Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationLevinson, C. A., Byrne, M. E., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2016) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.06.016 · Cited by 72
Self-citationAge and anxiety and depressive symptoms: the effect on domains of quality of life
Brown, P. J., & Roose, S. P. (2011) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2675 · Cited by 60
Self-citationA Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties of Trait Social Anxiety Self-Report Measures
Modini, M., Abbott, M. J., & Hunt, C. J. (2015) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9483-0 · Cited by 61
“…al. 1975; Hope and Heimberg 1988; Mittal and Balasubramanian 1987; Turner et al. 1978); two studies for the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) (Rodebaugh et al. 2011, 2006); eight studies were found that considered both the SIAS and the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) (Brown et al. 1997; Carleton…”
BackgroundInfluentialCohen, J. N., Dryman, M. T., Morrison, A. S., Gilbert, K., Heimberg, R. G., & Gruber, J. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.07.003 · Cited by 63
Self-citationSocial anxiety is negatively associated with theory of mind and empathic accuracy.
Alvi, T., Kouros, C. D., Lee, J., Fulford, D., & Tabak, B. A. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000493 · Cited by 62
Functions of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Late Adolescence: A Latent Class Analysis
Case, J. A. C., Burke, T. A., Siegel, D. M., Piccirillo, M. L., Alloy, L. B., & Olino, T. M. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1586607 · Cited by 57
“As previous researchers have found that the reverse-worded items are less valid indicators of social anxiety than the straightforward worded items (for review, see Rodebaugh et al., 2011), only the scores from the straightforward worded items were included in the analyses.”
BackgroundImproving the Factor Structure of Psychological Scales
Zhang, X., & Savalei, V. (2015) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164415596421 · Cited by 62
Lipton, M. F., Qasmieh, N., Racz, S. J., Weeks, J. W., & Reyes, A. D. L. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2020.01.004 · Cited by 59
Schry, A. R., Roberson‐Nay, R., & White, S. W. (2012) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0027398 · Cited by 63
Classification of Anxiety Disorders using Machine Learning Methods: A Literature Review
Muhammad, A., Ashjan, B., Ghufran, M., Taghreed, S., Nada, A., Nada, A., & Maryam, A. (2020) · Insights of Biomedical Research · doi:10.36959/584/455 · Cited by 56
Reactivity to Exclusion Prospectively Predicts Social Anxiety Symptoms in Young Adults
Levinson, C., Langer, J. K., & Rodebaugh, T. (2013) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.04.007 · Cited by 52
“The three reverse-scored items are not scored here because available evidence suggests that the scale has better factor and construct validity when these items are removed (see Rodebaugh et al., 2011 for a review).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationSocial comparisons and social anxiety in daily life: An experience-sampling approach.
Goodman, F. R., Kelso, K. C., Wiernik, B. M., & Kashdan, T. B. (2021) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000671 · Cited by 68
Are Social Anxiety and Loneliness Best Conceptualized as a Unitary Trait?
Fung, K., Paterson, D., & Alden, L. E. (2017) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2017.36.4.335 · Cited by 52
Weidman, A. C., & Levinson, C. A. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.045 · Cited by 55
“…items of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (S-SIAS; Mattick & Clarke, 1998) using a five-point scale (1 = ‘‘strongly disagree’’; 5 = ‘‘strongly agree’’; M = 2.29, SD = .62, a = .88; see Rodebaugh et al., 2011, for a discussion of the advantages of using the straightforward scale).”
MethodInfluentialNegative Social-Evaluative Fears Produce Social Anxiety, Food Intake, and Body Dissatisfaction
Levinson, C. A., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614548891 · Cited by 50
“9% of participants scored above 28, which has been suggested as a cutoff score for probable social anxiety disorder (Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationShying Away From a Good Thing: Social Anxiety in Romantic Relationships
Porter, E., & Chambless, D. L. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22048 · Cited by 49
Treatment of social approach processes in adults with social anxiety disorder
Alden, L. E., Buhr, K., Robichaud, M., Trew, J. L., & Plasencia, M. L. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000306 · Cited by 48
“The original Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) is a 20-item self-report inventory; however, because the reverse worded items were found to lower scale reliability and validity (e.g., Rodebaugh et al., 2011), the straightforward version comprising 17 items was used here.”
MethodThe influence of anticipatory processing on attentional biases in social anxiety.
Mills, A. C., Grant, D., Judah, M. R., & White, E. J. (2014) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.04.004 · Cited by 48
“On average, the participants in the HSA group in the current study reported significantly elevated levels of social anxiety symptoms that were equivalent to clinical samples in normative studies of the S-SIAS (Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
MethodResultInfluentialTaylor, C. T., Pearlstein, S. L., & Stein, M. B. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.03.007 · Cited by 47
“90) comparable to treatment-seeking samples reported in prior research (e.g., Clark et al., 2006; Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
Social Anxiety and Friendship Quality over Time
Rodebaugh, T. L., Lim, M. H., Shumaker, E. A., Levinson, C. A., & Thompson, T. (2015) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1062043 · Cited by 46
“Rodebaugh et al. (2011) have reported that the 17 straightforwardly worded items of the SIAS are more valid indicators of social interaction anxiety than the reverse-scored items in undergraduate, community, and clinical samples (see that publication also for full norms of the total of those items).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSocial Anxiety, Loneliness, and the Moderating Role of Emotion Regulation
O'Day, E. B., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2019) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2019.38.9.751 · Cited by 52
Self-citationSocial anxiety, submissiveness, and shame in men and women: a moderated mediation analysis
Zimmerman, J., Morrison, A. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12057 · Cited by 44
Managing Social Anxiety, Therapist Guide
Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., & Turk, C. L. (2019) · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190247591.001.0001 · Cited by 46
Self-citationA Review of Scales to Measure Social Anxiety Disorder in Clinical and Epidemiological Studies
Wong, Q. J. J., Gregory, B., & McLellan, L. F. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0677-2 · Cited by 48
Gentili, C., Vanello, N., Cristea, I. A., David, D., Ricciardi, E., & Pietrini, P. (2015) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.03.005 · Cited by 42
“For the present study, we used a modified version of the BFNE, considered to be the most valid variant of the scale (Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
MethodSelf-construal and social anxiety: Considering personality
Levinson, C. A., Langer, J., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.006 · Cited by 41
Self-citationSocial Anxiety and Gaze Avoidance: Averting Gaze but not Anxiety
Langer, J., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9546-z · Cited by 39
“…because they fail to load on the same factor as the other items, are less related to social anxiety and more related to extraversion than is desirable (see Rodebaugh et al. 2011 for a review and extension), and the validity of the reverse-scored items is moderated by age and level of education.”
BackgroundSelf-citationIs loneliness a feasible treatment target in psychosis?
Lim, M. H., Penn, D. L., Thomas, N., & Gleeson, J. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01731-9 · Cited by 40
“We used only the 17 straightforwardly worded items due to validity issues with the reverse items [20].”
MethodWhat are the emotions underlying feeling fat and fear of weight gain?
Levinson, C., Williams, B. M., & Christian, C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.012 · Cited by 35
Butler, R. M., O’Day, E. B., Swee, M. B., Horenstein, A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2020.06.002 · Cited by 39
Self-citationWong, Q. J. J., Gregory, B., Gaston, J. E., Rapee, R. M., Wilson, J. K., & Abbott, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.020 · Cited by 36
“To improve the psychometric properties of the SIAS, recent recommendations advise that reverse-scored items should be omitted from the scale (Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
MethodEres, R., Lim, M. H., & Bates, G. W. (2023) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12469 · Cited by 43
Kopala‐Sibley, D. C., Zuroff, D. C., Russell, J. J., & Moskowitz, D. S. (2013) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12032 · Cited by 42
Intolerance of Uncertainty and Immediate Decision-Making in High-Risk Situations
Jensen, D., Kind, A. J., Morrison, A. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.035113 · Cited by 48
“Rodebaugh, Woods, and Heimberg (2007; see also Rodebaugh et al., 2011) have reported that the straightforward items are more valid indicators of social interaction anxiety than the reverse-scored items and, therefore, suggest utilizing only the 17 straightforward items (SIAS-S) to calculate the…”
MethodSelf-citationDaniel, K. E., Goodman, F. R., Beltzer, M., Daros, A. R., Boukhechba, M., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10139-8 · Cited by 38
Allan, N. P., Oglesby, M. E., Uhl, A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1238503 · Cited by 38
“The BFNE-S has shown sound psychometric properties in both clinical and non-clinical samples (Carleton et al., 2007; Rodebaugh et al., 2004, 2011; Weeks et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLipton, M. F., Weeks, J. W., & De Los Reyes, A. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.072 · Cited by 34
Ho, J. T. K., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2021) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1946518 · Cited by 36
“…scale have been shown to compromise validity, while the remaining straightforward items have demonstrated excellent internal consistency across a variety of samples (for example, α = .95 in an MTurk sample; Rodebaugh et al., 2007; Rodebaugh et al., 2011), only straightforward items were included.”
BackgroundAre people with social anxiety disorder happier alone?
Goodman, F. R., Rum, R., Silva, G., & Kashdan, T. B. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102474 · Cited by 33
Johnson, A. R., Bank, S. R., Summers, M., Hyett, M. P., Erceg‐Hurn, D. M., Kyron, M. J., & McEvoy, P. M. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23099 · Cited by 33
“Results were replicated for a 17‐item version of the SIAS that excludes the reverse‐scored items (Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAnger profiles in social anxiety disorder
Versella, M. V., Piccirillo, M. L., Potter, C. M., Olino, T. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.10.008 · Cited by 33
Self-citationWong, Q. J. J., Chen, J., Gregory, B., Baillie, A. J., Nagata, T., Furukawa, T. A., Kaiya, H., Peters, L., & Rapee, R. M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.028 · Cited by 32
Social anxiety and interpersonal stress generation: the moderating role of interpersonal distress
Siegel, D. M., Burke, T. A., Hamilton, J. L., Piccirillo, M. L., Scharff, A., & Alloy, L. B. (2018) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1482723 · Cited by 31
Jefferies, P., Vanstone, R., & Ungar, M. T. (2021) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-021-09953-3 · Cited by 35
Doorley, J. D., Volgenau, K. M., Kelso, K. C., Kashdan, T. B., & Shackman, A. J. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.069 · Cited by 30
“98, range = 64) and slightly higher than in other studies of community adults (Mattick and Clarke, 1998; Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
ResultThe structure of vulnerabilities for social anxiety disorder
Rodebaugh, T. L., Levinson, C. A., Langer, J., Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., Brown, P. J., Menatti, A. R., Schneier, F. R., Blanco, C., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.073 · Cited by 33
Self-citationDaniel, K. E., Daros, A. R., Beltzer, M. L., Boukhechba, M., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10088-2 · Cited by 26
Accurate Empathy, Social Rejection, and Social Anxiety Disorder
Auyeung, K. W., & Alden, L. E. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619885410 · Cited by 25
“The mean SIAS-S score (M = 23.53, SD = 13.78) indicated comparability with other undergraduate samples (e.g., Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
ResultInfluentialExamining the Relationships Among Social Anxiety, Fears of Evaluation, and Interpretation Bias
Dryman, M., & Heimberg, R. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9694-4 · Cited by 23
“Recent research has demonstrated that the eight items with straightforward wording yield stronger convergent and discriminant validity than the four reverse-scored items (Carleton et al. 2011; Rodebaugh et al. 2011; Weeks et al. 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLipton, M. F., Weeks, J. W., Daruwala, S. E., & Reyes, A. D. L. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9531-9 · Cited by 25
Wei, J., Zhang, C., Li, Y., Xue, S., & Zhang, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115948 · Cited by 27
Socially-relevant Panic Symptoms in Social Anxiety Disorder
Versella, M., Potter, C., & Heimberg, R. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.056416 · Cited by 3
“Given findings showing that the three reversescored items potentially detract from the validity of the scale (Rodebaugh et al., 2011), we summed the straightforwardly worded items to create a total score (SIAS-S; Rodebaugh, Woods, & Heimberg, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe effects of social anxiety on interpersonal evaluations of warmth and dominance
Rodebaugh, T. L., Bielak, T., Vidovic, V., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.01.002 · Cited by 24
Self-citationSelf‐Report Assessment: The Status of the Field and Room for Improvement
Fernandez, K. C., Piccirillo, M. L., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118653920.ch14 · Cited by 24
Self-citationBoyers, G., Broman-Fulks, J. J., Valentiner, D. P., McCraw, K. S., Curtin, L., & Michael, K. D. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1338310 · Cited by 26
“…straightforward SIAS scores ranged from 0 to 68 (M = 17.17, SD = 12.01), which is consistent with or somewhat higher than scores reported in previous research using non-clinical samples (e.g. Heimberg et al., 1992; MSPS = 12.5, SDSPS = 11.5; Rodebaugh et al., 2011; MSIAS = 16.3, SDSIAS = 12.5).”
MethodResultInfluentialSocial anxiety moderates the relationship between body mass index and motivation to avoid exercise
Horenstein, A., Kaplan, S. C., Butler, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.010 · Cited by 23
Self-citationSchwob, J. T., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102749 · Cited by 23
Menatti, A. R., Weeks, J. W., Levinson, C. A., & McGowan, M. M. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9521-8 · Cited by 22
“The SIAS-S has been shown to demonstrate excellent psychometric properties (Rodebaugh et al. 2011, including construct and factorial validity, across both undergraduate and clinical samples.”
MethodMeasuring Evaluation Fears in Adolescence
Vagos, P., Salvador, M. C., Rijo, D., Santos, I., Weeks, J. W., & Heimberg, R. (2016) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1177/0748175615596781 · Cited by 21
“Scores obtained by clinical samples on the brief version of the FNE scale (Leary, 1983) have indicated adequate levels of reliability and validity (Collins, Westra, Dozois, & Stewart, 2005), but the results for its reversescored items show that responses to these items relate poorly to measures of social anxiety, are…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationImpact of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Scale: Initial Psychometric Validation
Burke, T. A., Ammerman, B. A., Hamilton, J. L., & Alloy, L. B. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9806-9 · Cited by 23
“Reverse-scored items were not included in the total score, given research indicating that these may reduce the measure’s validity (Rodebaugh et al. 2011; Rodebaugh et al. 2007).”
BackgroundLoneliness and emotion regulation: Implications of having social anxiety disorder
Eres, R., Lim, M. H., Lanham, S., Jillard, C., & Bates, G. W. (2020) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12296 · Cited by 22
Relationship between trait repetitive negative thinking styles and symptoms of psychopathology
Mills, A. C., Grant, D. M., Lechner, W. V., & Judah, M. R. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.022 · Cited by 21
“Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, Straightforward Items (S-SIAS; Mattick & Clarke, 1998; Rodebaugh, Woods, and Heimberg, 2007).”
BackgroundLu, Y., Zhong, R., Li, M., Zhao, Q., Zhang, X., Hu, B., & Lin, W. (2021) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107866 · Cited by 20
Social Anxiety, Cannabis Use Motives, and Social Context’s Impact on Willingness to Use Cannabis
Garrison, E., Gilligan, C., Ladd, B. O., & Anderson, K. G. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094882 · Cited by 22
The Core Extrusion Schema–Revised
Levinson, C., Rodebaugh, T., Lim, M., & Fernandez, K. C. (2017) · Assessment (Odessa, Fla.) · doi:10.1177/1073191115596568 · Cited by 15
“In the current sample, we used the straightforward items (S-SIAS) because available evidence suggests that the scale has better factor and construct validity when the reverse-scored items are removed (see Rodebaugh et al., 2011, for a review).”
MethodSelf-citationWong, Q. J. J., McEvoy, P. M., & Rapee, R. M. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.09.004 · Cited by 23
Social Anxiety and Resilience: Associations Vary by Country and Sex
Jefferies, P., Höltge, J., & Ungar, M. T. (2020) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-020-00026-2 · Cited by 20
“This version omits the three reversescored items, as the measure has been found to work better without them (e.g. Mills, Grant, Lechner, & Judah, 2014; Rodebaugh, Woods, & Heimberg, 2007; Rodebaugh et al., 2011, α = .89).”
MethodPearlstein, S. L., Taylor, C. T., & Stein, M. B. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619825857 · Cited by 17
“30), comparable to treatment-seeking samples reported in prior research (e.g., Clark et al., 2006; Rodebaugh et al., 2011), whereas the control group exhibited minimal symptoms of social anxiety (LSAS, M = 9.”
ResultInfluentialButler, R. M., O'Day, E. B., Kaplan, S. C., Swee, M. B., Horenstein, A., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103453 · Cited by 17
Self-citationSocial anxiety in orthognathic patients.
Ryan, F. S., Moles, D. R., Shute, J., Clarke, A., & Cunningham, S. J. (2016) · International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2015.05.021 · Cited by 16
Harpole, J. K., Levinson, C. A., Woods, C. M., Rodebaugh, T. L., Weeks, J. W., Brown, P. J., Heimberg, R. G., Menatti, A. R., Blanco, C., Schneier, F. R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9455-9 · Cited by 17
“This sample has also been reported on by Rodebaugh et al. (2011) and Brown and Roose (2011), but none of the results overlap with those presented here.”
Self-citationSarfan, L. D., Cody, M. W., & Clerkin, E. M. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1452193 · Cited by 19
“%) scoring at or above the identified score suggesting elevated social anxiety symptoms and the possibility of a social anxiety disorder diagnosis (i.e. ≥ 28 on the SIAS-S; Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBuckner, J. D., Abarno, C. N., Zvolensky, M. J., Morris, P. E., Walukevich‐Dienst, K., Garey, L., & Mayorga, N. A. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106854 · Cited by 16
What allays loneliness? A fine-grained examination of daily social interactions
Silva, G., Rum, R., Brennan, J., Rottenberg, J. A., & Goodman, F. R. (2023) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075231181709 · Cited by 19
“The three reverse-scored items reduce reliability and validity (Rodebaugh et al., 2011) and thus were excluded in total score computation.”
BackgroundJunghans-Rutelonis, A. N., Suorsa, K. I., Tackett, A. P., Burkley, E., Chaney, J. M., & Mullins, L. L. (2015) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2015.1057146 · Cited by 16
“91) in undergraduate samples.(38) Cronbach’s alpha for the current sample was .”
BackgroundWilliams, B. M., & Levinson, C. A. (2020) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101384 · Cited by 19
“Removal of these items does not impair the validity of the scale and appears to improve convergent validity (Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
BackgroundZaboski, B. A., Joyce‐Beaulieu, D., Kranzler, J. H., McNamara, J. P. H., Gayle, C., & MacInnes, J. W. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22792 · Cited by 19
Wong, Q. J. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191114528570 · Cited by 16
“More recently, further examinations of the versions of the BFNE have led to recommendations to use only the 8 straightforwardly worded items of the original BFNE to assess fear of negative evaluation (Carleton, Collimore, McCabe, & Antony, 2011; Rodebaugh et al., 2011).”
Christian, C., Cash, E. D., Cohen, D. A., Trombley, C. M., & Levinson, C. A. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221083284 · Cited by 16
McEvoy, P. M., Bendlin, M., Johnson, A. R., Kazantzis, N., Campbell, B. N. C., Bank, S. R., & Egan, S. J. (2023) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2022.2161966 · Cited by 17
Maresh, E. L., Teachman, B. A., & Coan, J. A. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.059516 · Cited by 14
“Although approximately 10% of our participants exceeded the average BFNE-S score seen in samples diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (Rodebaugh et al., 2011), future studies may wish to expand the number of individuals with clinical levels of social anxiety.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Rodebaugh, T. L., Heimberg, R. G., Brown, P. J., Fernandez, K. C., Blanco, C., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Temple University (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rodebaugh, Thomas L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 623-630
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3090265
- OpenAlex
- W2002440697
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 14.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (T32AG00030, T32AG000030)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH020004, T32 MH 20004, R01MH064726, K23MH099097, R01MH064481)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- social anxiety, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, response bias, scale validity, age differences, educational attainment, reference values
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reference Values, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
