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Cited by 162Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentEmotions and Moral Behavior

Differentiating emotions across contexts: Comparing adults with and without social anxiety disorder using random, social interaction, and daily experience sampling.

Open access
Kashdan, Todd B., Farmer, Antonina S.·2014·Emotion
DOI 10.1037/a0035796PMC PMC4191833
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Abstract

The ability to recognize and label emotional experiences has been associated with well-being and adaptive functioning. This skill is particularly important in social situations, as emotions provide information about the state of relationships and help guide interpersonal decisions, such as whether to disclose personal information. Given the interpersonal difficulties linked to social anxiety disorder (SAD), deficient negative emotion differentiation may contribute to impairment in this population. We hypothesized that people with SAD would exhibit less negative emotion differentiation in daily life, and these differences would translate to impairment in social functioning. We recruited 43 people diagnosed with generalized SAD and 43 healthy adults to describe the emotions they experienced over 14 days. Participants received palmtop computers for responding to random prompts and describing naturalistic social interactions; to complete end-of-day diary entries, they used a secure online website. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients to capture the degree of differentiation of negative and positive emotions for each context (random moments, face-to-face social interactions, and end-of-day reflections). Compared to healthy controls, the SAD group exhibited less negative (but not positive) emotion differentiation during random prompts, social interactions, and (at trend level) end-of-day assessments. These differences could not be explained by emotion intensity or variability over the 14 days, or to comorbid depression or anxiety disorders. Our findings suggest that people with generalized SAD have deficits in clarifying specific negative emotions felt at a given point of time. These deficits may contribute to difficulties with effective emotion regulation and healthy social relationship functioning.

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  • Kashdan and Farmer demonstrated that an increase in social anxiety symptoms is linked to an impairment in negative emotion differentiation.

    “Kashdan and Farmer [19] demonstrated that an increase in SA symptoms is linked to an impairment in negative emotion differentiation”

    From Studies of Social Anxiety Using Ambulatory Assessment: Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Results section (“Are People with SAD Worse at Differentiating Emotions?”; page unavailable) reports poorer negative emotion differentiation in participants with social anxiety disorder than in healthy controls. This supports a link with social anxiety, but the reported comparison does not demonstrate that an increase in symptom severity is linked to increasing impairment. (LLM, conf=0.81)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • A total of 4% (3/70) of the studies examined emotion differentiation in individuals with social anxiety disorder.

    “A total of 4% (3/70) of the studies examined emotion differentiation in individuals with SAD [19,37,48].”

    From Studies of Social Anxiety Using Ambulatory Assessment: Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [19]

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. First MB Spitzer RL Gibbon M Williams JBW Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders, research version, non-patient edition 2002 New York Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute

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Authors
Kashdan, T. B., & Farmer, A. S.
Affiliations
George Mason University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Emotion
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2014-06
Volume
14
Issue
3
Pages
629-638
ISSN
  • 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
  • 1931-1516
DOI
10.1037/a0035796
PMC
PMC4191833
OpenAlex
W1976356856
Cited by
162
References
53
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2
FWCI
10.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Emotion (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R21-MH073937)
  • George Mason University
  • National Institute of Drug Abuse (F31-DA029390)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords
social anxiety disorder, emotion differentiation, negative emotions, positive emotions, emotion regulation, social interaction, emotion labeling, interpersonal functioning, generalized anxiety disorder
MeSH terms
Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Models, Psychological, Social Adjustment, Self Report

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