Cited by 115Digital Mental Health InterventionsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and Assessments

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Transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific and clinician-guided versus self-guided internet-delivered treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder and comorbid disorders: A randomized controlled trial

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Dear, B.F., Staples, L.G., Terides, M.D., Fogliati, V.J., Sheehan, J., Johnston, L., Kayrouz, R., Dear, R., McEvoy, P.M., Titov, N.·2016·Journal of Anxiety Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.004

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Abstract

Disorder-specific (DS-CBT) and transdiagnostic (TD-CBT) cognitive behaviour therapy have both been used to treat social anxiety disorder (SAD). This study compared internet-delivered DS-CBT and TD-CBT for SAD across clinician-guided (CG-CBT) and self-guided (SG-CBT) formats. Participants with SAD (n = 233) were randomly allocated to receive internet-delivered TD-CBT or DS-CBT and CG-CBT or SG-CBT. Large reductions in symptoms of SAD (Cohen’s d ≥ 1.01; avg. reduction ≥ 30%) and moderate-to-large reductions in symptoms of comorbid depression (Cohen’s d ≥ 1.25; avg. reduction ≥ 39%), generalised anxiety disorder (Cohen’s d ≥ 0.86; avg. reduction ≥ 36%) and panic disorder (Cohen’s d ≥ 0.53; avg. reduction ≥ 25%) were found immediately post-treatment and were maintained or further improved to 24-month follow-up. No marked differences were observed between TD-CBT and DS-CBT or CG-CBT and SG-CBT highlighting the potential of each for the treatment of SAD and comorbid disorders.

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Enhancing In Vivo Exposure in the Treatment of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Using Location-Based Technologies: A Case Study
Miralles, I., Granell, C., García-Palacios, A., Castilla, D., González-Pérez, A., Casteleyn, S., & Bretón-López, J. (2020) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650119892900 · Cited by 11
“A number of studies (Dear et al., 2016; Farchione et al., 2012), including important randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies, have shown that the transdiagnostic approach and the UP can be as effective as the traditional CBT diagnostic approach (Barlow et al.”
Background
Predictors of functional impairment at assessment and functional improvement after treatment at a national digital mental health service
Cross, S. P. M., Karin, E., Asrianti, L., Walker, J., Staples, L., Bisby, M. A., Nielssen, O. B., Kayrouz, R., Fisher, A. C., Dear, B. F., et al. (2023) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2023.100603 · Cited by 12
The hidden burden of social anxiety disorder in U.S. military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study
Byrne, S., Fogle, B. M., Asch, R., Esterlis, I., Harpaz‐Rotem, I., Tsai, J., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.088 · Cited by 14
Efficacy of a transdiagnostic guided internet-delivered intervention for emotional, trauma and stress-related disorders in Mexican population: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
la Rosa-Gómez, A. D., Flores-Plata, L. A., Esquivel-Santoveña, E. E., Torija, C. S. T., Flores, R. G., Rodríguez, A. D., Arenas-Landgrave, P., Castellanos-Vargas, R. O., Ruiz, E. B., Silvestre-Ramírez, R., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04132-6 · Cited by 12
Outcomes of transdiagnostic internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy tailored to public safety personnel: A longitudinal observational study
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., McCall, H. C., Dear, B. F., Beahm, J. D., Carleton, R. N., & Titov, N. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102861 · Cited by 12
Cognitive behaviour therapy for social anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating different treatment formats
Hall, M., Luo, A., Bhullar, N., Moses, K., & Wootton, B. M. (2024) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2024.2356804 · Cited by 15
Decision-making about uptake and engagement with digital mental health services: a qualitative exploration of service user perspectives
Fisher, A. C., Corrigan, E., Cross, S. P. M., Ryan, K., Staples, L., Tan, R. L., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2023) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2023.2279657 · Cited by 9
Web-Based Interventions to Help Australian Adults Address Depression, Anxiety, Suicidal Ideation, and General Mental Well-being: Scoping Review
Skaczkowski, G., van der Kruk, S., Loxton, S., Hughes-Barton, D., Howell, C., Turnbull, D., Jensen, N., Smout, M., & Gunn, K. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/31018 · Cited by 9
“A rapid review of the evidence for each of these programs’ evaluations is provided in Multimedia Appendix 4 [10,12,17,42-151].”
BackgroundInfluential
Therapeutic songwriting to address distress tolerance for adults on an acute care mental health unit: A pilot study
Silverman, M. J. (2020) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2020.101716 · Cited by 9
Decision-making about uptake and engagement among digital mental health service users: a qualitative exploration of therapist perspectives
Fisher, A. C., Corrigan, E., Cross, S. P. M., Ryan, K., Staples, L., Tan, R. L., Webb, N., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2023) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2022.2163157 · Cited by 9
Evaluation of The Practitioner Online Referral and Treatment Service (PORTS): the first 18 months of a state-wide digital service for adults with anxiety, depression, or substance use problems
Titov, N., Rock, D. J., Bezuidenhout, G., Webb, N., Kayrouz, R., Nielssen, O. B., Williams, L., Purtell, C., Dear, B. F., & Staples, L. (2019) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2019.1666162 · Cited by 9
Facilitating the Dissemination of iCBT for the Treatment of Anxiety and Depression: A Feasibility Study
DaPonte, D., Talbot, F., Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Hadjistavropoulos, T., & Jbilou, J. (2018) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2018.14 · Cited by 9
Blending digital therapeutics within the healthcare system
Keller, O. C., Budney, A. J., Struble, C. A., & Teepe, G. W. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90045-4.00016-2 · Cited by 9
Design of a guided internet-delivered counseling intervention for test anxiety
Warnecke, I., Haffinger, L.-M., Konradi, H., Reiß, N., Luka-Krausgrill, U., & Rohrmann, S. (2020) · The European Journal of Counselling Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejcop.v8i1.205 · Cited by 9
Antidepressant medication use by patients accessing a national digital mental health service
Staples, L., Asrianti, L., Karin, E., Kayrouz, R., Cross, S. P. M., Bisby, M. A., Fisher, A. C., Dear, B. F., Titov, N., & Nielssen, O. B. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.042 · Cited by 6
Do depressive symptoms affect the outcome of treatments for SAD? A meta analysis of randomized controlled trials
Rozen, N., & Aderka, I. M. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101874 · Cited by 5
The association between patient engagement and treatment outcome in guided internet-delivered CBT for anxiety and depression
Hammerfald, K., Jahren, H. H., & Solbakken, O. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1494729 · Cited by 5
Internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic health conditions: self-guided versus team-guided
Mehta, S., Nugent, M., Peynenburg, V. A., Thiessen, D., Posta, G. L., Titov, N., Dear, B. F., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-022-00346-x · Cited by 6
Safety and Efficacy of Modular Digital Psychotherapy for Social Anxiety: Randomized Controlled Trial
Garvert, M. M., McFadyen, J., Linke, S., McCloud, T. L., Meyer, S. S., Sobanska, S., Sharp, P. B., Long, A., Huys, Q. J. M., & Ahmadi, M. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/64138 · Cited by 6
An open trial of the feasibility of brief internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy (iACT) for chronic anxiety and depression
Cross, S. P., Staples, L. G., Bisby, M. A., Nielssen, O., Fisher, A., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2023) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2023.100655 · Cited by 4
“These questions have been used in numerous previous research trials examining the acceptability of other internet-delivered treatments (Dear et al., 2016).”
Method
Do people residing in low socioeconomic areas engage with and benefit from digital mental health services?
Staples, L., Dear, B. F., Nielssen, O. B., & Titov, N. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100865 · Cited by 4
Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Tailored to Spouses and Significant Others of Public Safety Personnel: Formative Evaluation Study
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Reiser, S. J., Beahm, J. D., McCall, H. C., Dena, I., Phillips, A. R., Scheltgen, M., Sekhar, S., Cox, M., Cramm, H. A., et al. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/51088 · Cited by 6
Hypnotherapy modulating early and late event-related potentials components of face processing in social anxiety
Zhang, H., Xue, X., Wen, J., Li, Y., Fan, C. G., Ma, L., Wang, H., Zhang, M., Zhang, S., Hu, D., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1449946 · Cited by 6
Assessing health literacy and its impacts among people accessing unguided internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety: a treatment-seeking cohort study
Fisher, A. C., Bisby, M. A., Hathway, T., Rezwan, A., Ayre, J., Muscat, D. M., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2025) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2025.2536801 · Cited by 4
Terapia cognitivo-conductual transdiagnóstica en Atención Primaria: un contexto ideal
González‐Blanch, C., Ruiz-Torres, M., Cordero‐Andrés, P., Umaran‐Alfageme, O., Hernández-Abellán, A., Muñoz‐Navarro, R., & Vindel, A. C. (2018) · Revista de Psicoterapia · doi:10.33898/rdp.v29i110.243 · Cited by 5
Lessons learned from two feasibility trials of a translated and minimally monitored iCBT program for young adults among community and university samples
LeBlanc, J., Talbot, F., Fournier, V., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100529 · Cited by 4
Transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural therapy
Norton, P. J. (2022) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2022.2064212 · Cited by 4
Clinician guidance in digital therapeutics for panic disorder: Meta-analytic dissection and implications for regulatory framing and scalable deployment
Cho, I., Kim, B.-H., Lee, H., Song, Y., Chang, M. J., Kim, J., & Han, E. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103074 · Cited by 3
Impact of an Online Discussion Forum on Self-Guided Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Public Safety Personnel: Randomized Trial
McCall, H. C., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/59699 · Cited by 4
Soziale Angststörung
Fehm, L., & Knappe, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61814-1_49 · Cited by 3
Understanding Problems With Sleep, Sexual Functioning, Energy, and Appetite Among Patients Who Access Transdiagnostic Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression: Qualitative Exploratory Study
Edmonds, M., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Gullickson, K. M., Asmundson, A. J. N., Dear, B. F., & Titov, N. (2020) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/15037 · Cited by 3
DSM-5-Based ASD Models: Assessing the Latent Structural Relations with Functionality in War-Exposed Individuals
Mordeno, I. G., Gallemit, I. M. J. S., Ferolino, M. A. L., & Sinday, J. V. (2020) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09804-8 · Cited by 3
Analysis of between-diagnoses differences in music-based affect regulatory strategies in adults with mental health and substance use conditions: Implications for transdiagnostic application
Silverman, M. J., & Bourdaghs, S. W. (2021) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356211046655 · Cited by 3
Brief self-guided digital intervention versus a comprehensive therapist-guided online cognitive behavioural therapy for atopic dermatitis: a trial protocol for a randomised non-inferiority trial
Kern, D., Ljótsson, B., Lönndahl, L., Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Bradley, M., Lindefors, N., & Kraepelien, M. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068908 · Cited by 3
Technological Interventions for Anxiety Disorders
Baños, R., Vara, M. D., Mira, A., García‐Palacios, A., & Botella, C. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00008-x · Cited by 2
Uptake of a self‐guided digital treatment for depression and anxiety: A qualitative study exploring patient perspectives and decision‐making
Fisher, A. C., Rochesson, S. E. D., Bisby, M. A., Scott, A. J., Gandy, M., Heriseanu, A. I., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2024) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13976 · Cited by 3
The efficacy of unified transdiagnostic treatment on distress tolerance and emotion regulation of students with internalized behavioral problems
Ghezelseflo, M., Nejatifar, S., & Aghaziarati, A. (2022) · The Journal Of Psychological Science · doi:10.52547/jps.21.111.525 · Cited by 2
Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for perinatal anxiety: predictors of completion and response
Kinsman, L., Bilevicius, E., Shamblaw, A. L., Alcolado, G. M., & Furer, P. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04723-w · Cited by 1
Association between therapists’ negative beliefs about exposure therapy and its use in an Australian sample: a brief report
Moses, K., Gonsalvez, C. J., Kurt, P., & Meade, T. (2025) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2025.2578746 · Cited by 1

Authors: Dear, B. F., Staples, L. G., Terides, M. D., Fogliati, V. J., Sheehan, J., Johnston, L., Kayrouz, R., Dear, R., McEvoy, P. M., & Titov, N.
Affiliations: Macquarie University (AU)
Curtin University (AU)
Corresponding author: Dear, B.F.
ORCID: Dear, B.F.
Staples, L.G.
Terides, M.D.
Fogliati, V.J.
Kayrouz, R.
McEvoy, P.M.
Titov, N.
Venue: Journal of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-08
Volume: 42
Pages: 30-44
ISSN: 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.004
OpenAlex: W4245216032
Cited by: 114
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4
FWCI: 19.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: NHMRC Australian Public Health Fellowship
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords: social anxiety disorder, internet-delivered treatment, self-guided treatment, comorbid depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, maintenance therapy

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Transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific and clinician-guided versus self-guided internet-delivered treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder and comorbid disorders: A randomized controlled trial

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