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Media use and acute psychological outcomes during COVID-19 outbreak in China
Open accessAbstract
The COVID-19 outbreak in China led to an extraordinary threat to public health and wellbeing. This study examined the psychological impact of media use among people indirectly exposed to the disease during the initial phase of the outbreak. We conducted an internet-based survey on January 28, 2020 (one week after the official declaration of person-to-person transmission of the coronavirus). Media use (media forms, content of media exposure, and media engagement) related to the outbreak and psychological outcomes (positive and negative affect, anxiety, depression, and stress) of 917 Chinese adults was assessed. A series of multivariable regressions were conducted. The results showed that use of new media, rather than traditional media, was significantly associated with more negative affect, depression, anxiety, and stress. Viewing stressful content (i.e., severity of the outbreak, reports from hospital) was associated with more negative affect and depression. Media engagement was also associated with more negative affect, anxiety, and stress. However, viewing heroic acts, speeches from experts, and knowledge of the disease and prevention were associated with more positive affect and less depression. The study suggested new media use and more media engagement was associated with negative psychological outcomes, while certain media content was associated with positive psychological impact. The present study highlights the need for timely public health communication from official sources and suggests that reduced exposure to new media may be beneficial.
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“In contrast, receiving information from health professionals or other experts was not associated with negative mental health consequences (Ko et al., 2020; Chao et al., 2020).”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Chao et al., 2020
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Psychological Trauma Through Mass Media
Rozanov, V. A., & Rutz, W. (2021) · World Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/wsp.wsp_90_20 · Cited by 18
A Communication Study of Young Adults and Online Dependency during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Silveira, P., Morais, R. J. P., & Petrella, S. (2022) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc12040109 · Cited by 24
“Several studies at the international level have crossed the field of psychology and communication to analyze possible changes in media use during the pandemic, focusing on the potential consequences of excess or a lack of quality [12,14,15,17,45,57,58].”
BackgroundChen, X., Lin, F., & Cheng, E. W. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/31088 · Cited by 19
“information overload about COVID-19 than men is consistent with findings of previous studies [40-42].”
Luo, Y., He, X., Wang, S., Li, J., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11407 · Cited by 16
Nzimande, N. P., Tantawi, M. E., Zúñiga, R. A. A., Opoku-Sarkodie, R., Brown, B. J., Ezechi, O., Uzochukwu, B. S. C., Ellakany, P., Aly, N. M., Nguyen, A. L., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03883-6 · Cited by 17
Technology Dependency and Impact During COVID-19: A Systematic Literature Review and Open Challenges
Norman, A. A., Marzuki, A. H., Fatokun, F. B., Hamid, S. B., Ghani, N. B. A., Ravana, S. D., & Arshad, N. I. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3250770 · Cited by 20
“such as eating disorders [65], [66], [67].”
Çelik, F., & Diker, E. (2021) · Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31682/ayna.783472 · Cited by 18
Li, M., Xu, Z., He, X., Zhang, J., Song, R., Duan, W., Liu, T., & Yang, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687928 · Cited by 16
Self-citationSanta-Cruz-Espinoza, H., Chávez-Ventura, G., Domínguez-Vergara, J., Robles, E. D. A., Armas, H. M. A., & Calmet, V. G. V. (2022) · Enfermería Global · doi:10.6018/eglobal.489671 · Cited by 23
“In the present study, three hypotheses are proposed: (H1) fear of COVID-19 is directly related to exposure to COVID-19 news (12, 18, 19) and negatively related to mental health (22, 23, 24); (H2) exposure to COVID-19 news is negatively related to mental health (25); and (H3) fear of COVID-19 exerts a mediating effect…”
BackgroundInfluentialData on media use and mental health during the outbreak of COVID-19 in China
Xue, D., Liu, T., Chen, X., Liu, X., & Chao, M. (2021) · Data in Brief · doi:10.1016/j.dib.2021.106765 · Cited by 16
Self-citationHas Smartphone Use Influenced Loneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan?
Nguyen, T. T. X., Lal, S., Abdul-Salam, S., Yuktadatta, P., McKinnon, L., Khan, M. S. R., & Kadoya, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191710540 · Cited by 15
Li, K., Li, J., & Li, Y. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2337509 · Cited by 19
“College students are more susceptible to the effects of internet information (Chao et al., 2020; Pat-Horenc-zyk et al., 2021; Wineburg & Mcgrew, 2016), and they are also a group that is prone to experiencing vicarious traumatization (Turnbull et al., 2020).”
BackgroundJohnson, J. M. Q., Saleem, M., Tang, L., Ramasubramanian, S., & Riewestahl, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2021.638031 · Cited by 17
“While media use can help communicate about virusrelated health risks and preventive behaviors, it can also exacerbate psychological distress about the pandemic (Chao et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2020).”
BackgroundLeung, C. H., & Mu, Y. (2021) · Asian Education and Development Studies · doi:10.1108/aeds-04-2021-0076 · Cited by 15
Neill, R. D., Blair, C., Best, P., McGlinchey, E., & Armour, C. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5d9fc · Cited by 15
Differences in perceived threat and trauma in children during the COVID-19 pandemic
Kohlboeck, G., Wenter, A., Sevecke, K., & Exenberger, S. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00628-5 · Cited by 14
“Some studies showed an association of higher PTSD symptoms with greater exposure levels [25, 53], whereas some studies considered factors such as indirect exposure via COVID-19-related news [9, 29, 37], the impact of “worst” experienced/anticipated events [5] or the subjective severity of a child’s disaster experience…”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Tao, S., Qu, Y., Mou, X., Gan, H., Zhou, P., Zhu, Z., Wu, X., & Tao, F. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14598-4 · Cited by 20
“Often this information is accompanied by fragmented and unfiltered information [18, 48], which may lead to unnecessary trouble, and when it arrives, bad emotions may also increase [48–50].”
BackgroundResilient Skills: Survivor Skills That the Class of COVID-19 Should Pursue
Hettich, P. I. (2020) · Eye on Psi Chi Magazine · doi:10.24839/2164-9812.eye25.2.18 · Cited by 13
Wu, R.-Y., Ge, L.-F., & Zhong, B. (2025) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i4.104625 · Cited by 13
Impact of Intrinsic Factors and COVID-19 Pandemic on the Use of Technology
Alaqra, A. S., & Kitkowska, A. (2021) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3411763.3451669 · Cited by 13
“More health-conscious individuals might use more health-related applications, which corroborate with past research fndings [5].”
BackgroundResultAlhazmi, R. A., Alghadeer, S. M., Al-Arifi, M. N., Alamer, A. A., Mubarak, A. M., Alwhaibi, A. M., Fayez, R. A., & Alsubaie, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.827238 · Cited by 13
“In addition, studies conducted in Saudi Arabia (25), UK (26), and China (27) showed the effects of different types of media sources on person’s anxiety level.”
BackgroundPandemic and the media: How risk information seeking influences media trust and emotions
Guo, W., & Bai, Q. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107522 · Cited by 13
Lamba, N., Khokhlova, O., Bhatia, A., & McHugh, C. (2023) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/20551029231199578 · Cited by 12
“This fi nding supports recent studies suggesting that greater use of social media and newer forms of media, in comparison to traditional media, contributed to negative mental health during the pandemic (Chao et al., 2020, Gao et al., 2020).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Chao, M., Xue, D., Liu, T., Yang, H., & Hall, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Tianjin Normal University (CN)
- University of Macau (MO)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Tour
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 74
- Pages
- 102248
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7255752
- OpenAlex
- W3029774798
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 30
- FWCI
- 21.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Tianjin Philosophy and Social Science Project (TJJX15-002, 18YJC190013)
- Projects of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ministry of Education of China
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, media use, psychological outcomes, anxiety, depression, stress, negative affect, positive affect, new media, media engagement, public health communication, indirect exposure, Chinese adults
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adult, Anxiety, China, Depression, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Health Education, Humans, Male, Pneumonia, Viral, Public Health, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Coronavirus Infections, Internet, Pandemics
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