Visual search attentional bias modification reduced social phobia in adolescents
Abstract
Background and objectives An attentional bias for negative information plays an important role in the development and maintenance of (social) anxiety and depression, which are highly prevalent in adolescence. Attention Bias Modification (ABM) might be an interesting tool in the prevention of emotional disorders. The current study investigated whether visual search ABM might affect attentional bias and emotional functioning in adolescents.Methods A visual search task was used as a training paradigm; participants (n = 16 adolescents, aged 13-16) had to repeatedly identify the only smiling face in a 4 × 4 matrix of negative emotional faces, while participants in the control condition (n = 16) were randomly allocated to one of three placebo training versions. An assessment version of the task was developed to directly test whether attentional bias changed due to the training. Self-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms and self-esteem were measured pre- and post-training.Results After two sessions of training, the ABM group showed a significant decrease in attentional bias for negative information and self-reported social phobia, while the control group did not. There were no effects of training on depressive mood or self-esteem.Limitations No correlation between attentional bias and social phobia was found, which raises questions about the validity of the attentional bias assessment task. Also, the small sample size precludes strong conclusions.Conclusions Visual search ABM might be beneficial in changing attentional bias and social phobia in adolescents, but further research with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up is needed.
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In most ABM training methods, nonthreat targets are more likely to appear in different locations from threat cues, encouraging attention-orienting away from threat.
“In most ABM training methods, nonthreat targets are more likely to appear in different locations [ 5 0 8 _ T D $ D I F F ] from threat cues, which encourages attention-orienting away from threat.”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
Evidence for therapeutic efficacy of alternative ABM training methods is limited.
“Evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of alternative ABM training methods is limited.”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
Lack of consensus about why conventional ABM has inconsistent effects has encouraged development of alternative methods with preliminary efficacy data.
“Lack of consensus regarding why conventional ABM threat-avoidance training has inconsistent effects (discussed earlier) has encouraged the development of various alternative methods which have preliminary data suggesting efficacy”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
Multi-session emotional face visual search training has mixed effects on nonclinical adolescent anxiety, with poor compliance possibly due to insufficient goal engagement.
“Multi-session emotional face visual search training has mixed effects on nonclinical adolescent anxiety, with problems of poor compliance possibly owing to insufficient goal engagement [71,73,74].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
Changes in attentional bias have been observed in healthy children and unselected adolescents.
“Changes in attentional bias have been observed in healthy children (Eldar, Ricon, & Bar-Haim, 2008) and unselected adolescents (de Voogd, Wiers, Prins, & Salemink, 2014), but not when visual search training effects were measured with a dot-probe assessment task (Platt et al., 2015).”
From Online attentional bias modification training targeting anxiety and depression in unselected adolescents: short- and long-term effects of a randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as de Voogd, Wiers, Prins, & Salemink, 2014
In unselected adolescents, visual search training did not reduce depressive symptoms.
“In unselected adolescents, the visual search training also reduced social anxiety symptoms (de Voogd et al., 2014), but not depressive symptoms (Platt et al., 2015;de Voogd et al., 2014).”
From Online attentional bias modification training targeting anxiety and depression in unselected adolescents: short- and long-term effects of a randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as de Voogd et al., 2014
In unselected adolescents, visual search training reduced social anxiety symptoms.
“In unselected adolescents, the visual search training also reduced social anxiety symptoms (de Voogd et al., 2014), but not depressive symptoms (Platt et al., 2015;de Voogd et al., 2014).”
From Online attentional bias modification training targeting anxiety and depression in unselected adolescents: short- and long-term effects of a randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as de Voogd et al., 2014
VS attentional training led to an increased bias for positive information, as assessed with the EVST, but not with the DPT.
“Consistent with earlier research in youth (Waters, Pittaway, Mogg, Bradley, & Pine, 2013;de Voogd et al., 2014), VS attentional training led to an increased bias for positive information, as assessed with the closely matched EVST, but not with the DPT.”
From Online attentional bias modification training targeting anxiety and depression in unselected adolescents: short- and long-term effects of a randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as de Voogd et al., 2014
Findings from these studies indicate that ABM-positive-search training reduces self-reported stress and cortisol measures of stress reactivity in adults, social anxiety symptoms in youth and clinician-rated symptom severity of anxiety disorders in children.
“Findings from these studies indicate that ABM-positive-search training reduces self-reported stress and cortisol measures of stress reactivity in adults (Dandeneau et al., 2007), social anxiety symptoms in youth (De Voogd et al., 2014) and clinician-rated symptom severity of anxiety disorders in children (Waters et al., 2013(Waters et al., , 2015(Waters et al., , 2016)).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as De Voogd et al., 2014
Most studies of ABM-positive-search training found changes in AB measures for threat and positive stimuli, although these changes varied across studies.
“Regarding effects of ABM-positive-search training on AB, most studies found changes in AB measures for threat and positive stimuli, although these changes varied across studies.”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as De Voogd et al., 2014
ABM-positive-search training facilitated detection of positive relative to negative faces on the visual-search task in anxious youth.
“facilitated detection of positive relative to negative faces on the visual-search task in anxious youth (De Voogd et al., 2014)”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as De Voogd et al., 2014
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- Authors
- De Voogd, E. L., Wiers, R. W., Prins, P. J. M., & Salemink, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 252-259
- ISSN
- 0005-7916 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2030455218
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 13.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- ZonMw
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attentional bias modification, visual search, social anxiety disorder, adolescents, attentional bias, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, emotion regulation training
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Phobic Disorders, Photic Stimulation, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reaction Time, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Bias
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