Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review

Cisler, Josh M.; Koster, Ernst H.W.

doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003

Cited by 1,753Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesVisual Attention and Saliency Detection

Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review

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Cisler, Josh M., Koster, Ernst H.W.·2010·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003PMC PMC2814889

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Abstract

A wealth of research demonstrates attentional biases toward threat in the anxiety disorders. Several models have been advanced to explain these biases in anxiety, yet the mechanisms comprising and mediating the biases remain unclear. In the present article, we review evidence regarding the mechanisms of attentional biases through careful examination of the components of attentional bias, the mechanisms underlying these components, and the stage of information processing during which the biases occur. Facilitated attention, difficulty in disengagement, and attentional avoidance comprise the components of attentional bias. A threat detection mechanism likely underlies facilitated attention, a process that may be neurally centered around the amygdala. Attentional control ability likely underlies difficulty in disengagement, emotion regulation goals likely underlie attentional avoidance, and both of these processes may be neurally centered around prefrontal cortex functioning. The threat detection mechanism may be a mostly automatic process, attentional avoidance may be a mostly strategic process, and difficulty in disengagement may be a mixture of automatic and strategic processing. Recommendations for future research are discussed.

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Willingness may enhance extinction learning by addressing some of the attentional biases that are observed in anxiety disorders and linked to their maintenance.
“Third, willingness may enhance extinction learning by addressing some of the attentional biases that are observed in anxiety disorders and linked to their maintenance (Cisler & Koster, 2010).”
From How willing are you? Willingness as a predictor of change during treatment of adults with obsessive–compulsive disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Cisler & Koster, 2010
The review’s “Anxiety Diagnosis” section (page unavailable) reports attentional biases across anxiety disorders and links them to chronic anxiety. But its “Future Directions” section says their relationship to success during exposure remains unclear; it does not establish that willingness improves extinction learning by addressing those biases. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
There is strong evidence in the field of anxiety disorders that people with anxiety preferentially attend to feared stimuli, and this attentional bias plays an important role in the aetiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders.
“There is strong evidence in the field of anxiety disorders that people with anxiety preferentially attend to feared stimuli,22 23 and this attentional bias plays an important role in the aetiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders.24”
From Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
Citation 24 is attached to the claim about the aetiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. The Anxiety Diagnosis section says threat-related attentional bias co-occurs with chronic anxiety, and Future Directions reports that attention training can affect anxiety symptoms. Those passages support a possible role in anxiety, but the review does not establish that the bias plays an important causal role in both the onset and maintenance of anxiety disorders. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Hypervigilance is tightly coupled with attentional threat bias, referring to the fact that negative valence content captures human attention more than other content.
“It is tightly coupled with attentional threat bias, referring to the fact that negative valence content captures human attention more than other content [121,122].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [121]
The Summary reports that attention is biased toward threatening information among anxious individuals, and the Components of Attentional Bias section describes how threat can draw or capture attention (pages unavailable in our copy). The claim extends this to negative-valence content generally capturing human attention more than other content; the review's evidence is more specifically about threat and anxiety, and it also describes attentional avoidance of threat. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Neural and behavioural biases in processing emotional information, in particular increased processing of threat-related and negatively valenced stimuli, are core functional markers of anxiety and depression.
“Neural and behavioural biases in the processing of emotional information, in particular increased processing of threat-related and negatively valenced stimuli, are core functional markers of anxiety and depression (Beck 2008; Cisler and Koster 2010).”
From Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers (2015) · cites this paper as Cisler and Koster 2010
At longer stimulus durations, attentional vigilance may involve a difficulty to disengage from salient emotional stimuli.
“Attentional vigilance to brief, masked presentations of threatening cues has primarily been interpreted as an involuntary deployment of attention (Browning et al. 2010), whereas at longer stimulus durations, it may further involve a difficulty to disengage from salient emotional stimuli (Koster et al. 2004; Cisler and Koster 2010).”
From Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers (2015) · cites this paper as Cisler and Koster 2010

Attentional processes are altered in children and adults with anxiety disorders, and anxious individuals are more likely to show attentional bias to threat.
“attentional processes are altered in children and adults with anxiety disorders.96,97”
From Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [98]
A number of reviews have reported atypical attentional bias towards disorder specific stimuli.
“Additionally, a number of reviews have reported atypical attentional bias towards disorder specific stimuli (Bar-Haim et al., 2007;Brooks et al., 2011;Cisler and Koster, 2010).”
From Meta-analytic review of the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on threat processing in humans (2018) · cites this paper as Cisler and Koster, 2010
Empirical research indicates several manifestations of anxiety-related ABs, which are commonly uncorrelated.
“Empirical research indicates several manifestations of anxiety-related ABs, which are commonly uncorrelated [6,18,25,53].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [25]
ABs in attention-orienting include initial orienting towards threat, maintaining attention on threat, and orienting away from threat.
“ABs in attentionorienting are observed on spatial attention tasks (e.g., visual probe and eye-tracking tasks), and include initial orienting towards threat, maintaining attention on threat (also known as delayed disengagement), and orienting away from threat [6,25,29,53,54].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [25]
Attention maintenance on threat and poor threat-distractor inhibition may exacerbate anxiety-related thoughts and worries.
“Attention maintenance on threat and poor threat-distractor inhibition may exacerbate anxiety-related thoughts and worries.”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [25]
Automatic orienting to threat may increase detection of threat cues and awareness of potential danger, thereby enhancing anxious mood.
“automatic orienting to threat may increase detection of threat cues in the environment and awareness of potential danger, thereby enhancing anxious mood.”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [25]
Threat-avoidant orienting may reduce immediate distress, but be maladaptive in the long term by impairing reason-based appraisal of feared stimuli, thereby impeding habituation and fear reduction.
“Threat-avoidant orienting may reduce immediate distress, but be maladaptive in the long term by impairing reason-based appraisal of feared stimuli, thereby impeding habituation and fear reduction.”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [25]
Anxiety-related ABs vary between threat vigilance and avoidance.
“Hence, anxiety-related ABs vary between threat vigilance and avoidance [ 5 0 5 _ T D $ D I F F ] [6,19,25,29,36].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [25]
ABs in attention-orienting may reflect both salience-driven and goal-directed processes, including reflexive orienting and strategic maintenance, suppression, or avoidance of threat.
“ABs in attention-orienting (e.g., on a visual probe task) may also reflect both salience-driven and goal-directed processes.”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [25]
Many studies indicate enhanced initial attention bias to threat in anxiety, but evidence of avoidance is more limited and variable.
“Regarding the vigilance-avoidance hypothesis, while many studies indicate enhanced initial AB to threat in anxiety (e.g., Bar-Haim et al., 2007), evidence of avoidance is more limited and variable (e.g., for a review see Cisler & Koster, 2010; variables influencing ABs towards and away from threat are discussed later, Sections 4.4.2e4.4.6).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Cisler & Koster, 2010
Top-down orienting relates to two different types of AB in anxiety: maintenance of attention on threat, and threat avoidance, and is not the same as goal-directed inhibitory control.
“Nevertheless, top-down orienting is included in the framework as it relates to two different types of AB in anxiety: maintenance of attention on threat, and threat avoidance (Cisler & Koster, 2010), and is not the same as goal-directed inhibitory control.”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Cisler & Koster, 2010
Disengagement difficulty also refers to capture of attention by threat and difficulty redirecting attention to a new stimulus, related to poor attention control mediated by the prefrontal cortex.
“It also refers to capture of attention by threat and difficulty redirecting attention to a new stimulus, related to poor attention control mediated by the prefrontal cortex (Cisler & Koster, 2010).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Cisler & Koster, 2010
On emotional spatial-cueing tasks, slower RTs on invalid-threat versus invalid-nonthreat cue trials may reflect maintained spatial attention on the location of threat to facilitate its identification, poor attention control, and/or automatic interruption of task performance triggered by threat which does not involve spatial orienting.
“For example, on emotional spatial-cueing tasks, slower RTs on invalid-threat versus invalid-nonthreat cue trials may reflect maintained spatial attention on the location of threat to facilitate its identification (Fox et al., 2001), poor attention control (Cisler & Koster, 2010;Eysenck et al., 2007), and/or automatic interruption of task performance triggered by threat which does not involve”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Cisler & Koster, 2010
The conventional AB index on the visual-probe task does not distinguish between shift, engage and disengage components of initial orienting.
“The conventional AB index on the visual-probe task does not distinguish between shift, engage and disengage components of initial orienting based on Posner and Petersen's (1990) original model of attention (Cisler & Koster, 2010;Fox et al., 2001).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Cisler & Koster, 2010
Most prior cognitive models of anxiety predict an automatic bias in initial orienting of attention towards threat in anxiety.
“Most prior cognitive models of anxiety predict an automatic bias in initial orienting of attention towards threat in anxiety (e.g., Bar-Haim et al., 2007;Cisler & Koster, 2010;Lonigan et al., 2004;Mogg & Bradley, 1998;Williams et al., 1988Williams et al., , 1997)).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Cisler & Koster, 2010

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Amygdala and Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation to Masked Angry Faces in Children and Adolescents With Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Brain systems mediating cognitive interference by emotional distraction
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Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety
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A Unitary Model of Schizophrenia
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Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms?
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Attentional bias in anxiety and depression: The role of awareness
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., & Williams, R. (1995) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01434.x · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Attention training for generalized social anxiety disorder
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Unreliability of the dot probe task
Schmukle, S. C. (2005) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.554 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
To what extent are emotional visual stimuli processed without attention and awareness?
Pessoa, L. (2005) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.002 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
BRIEF REPORT Time course of attentional bias for threat scenes: Testing the vigilance‐avoidance hypothesis
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Miles, F. J., & Dixon, R. (2004) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930341000158 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression.
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Williams, R. M., & Mathews, A. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.102.2.304 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Current controversies in the anxiety disorders
Taylor, S. J. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)80355-x · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression.
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Williams, R., & Mathews, A. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.102.2.304 · Cited by 497 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Attentional biases have been found in GAD (Bradley, Mogg, White, Groom, & de Bono, 1999; Bradley, Mogg, Millar, & White, 1995; Mogg et al., 1993; Rinck et al., 2003), social phobia (Amir et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
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Attentional Bias for Threatening Facial Expressions in Anxiety: Manipulation of Stimulus Duration
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Attention training in individuals with generalized social phobia: A randomized controlled trial.
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Attentional bias for emotional faces in generalized anxiety disorder
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Self-citation
Selective processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Coherence and Specificity of Information-Processing Biases in Depression and Social Phobia.
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“Research using the spatial cueing task has invariably demonstrated difficulty in disengagement among anxious individuals (Amir et al., 2003; Cisler & Olatunji, 2010; Fox et al., 2001, 2002, experiment 1; Koster, Crombez, Verschuere, VanDamme, et al., 2006; Koster, Crombez, et al., 2005; Koster,…”
Background
Disorder-Specific Neuroanatomical Correlates of Attentional Bias in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Hypochondriasis
van den Heuvel, O. A., Veltman, D. J., Groenewegen, H. J., Witter, M. P., Merkelbach, J. W., Cath, D. C., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., van Oppen, P., & van Dyck, R. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.8.922 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Attentional Biases for Facial Expressions in Social Phobia: The Face-in-the-Crowd Paradigm
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“Purposeful attentional allocation towards neutral relative to unpleasant stimuli is akin to the concept of ‘distraction’ (Sheppes & Meiran, 2008; van Dillen & Koole, 2007).”
Background
The effect of a single-session attention modification program on response to a public-speaking challenge in socially anxious individuals
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Current controversies in the anxiety disorders
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Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: A comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder
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Selective processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Selective processing of negative information: Effects of clinical anxiety, concurrent depression, and awareness
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Time-course of attention for threatening pictures in high and low trait anxiety
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Amygdala Automaticity in Emotional Processing
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Negative Affectivity, Effortful Control, and Attention to Threat-Relevant Stimuli
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Effect of psychological treatment on cognitive bias in generalized anxiety disorder
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Effects of threat cues on attentional shifting, disengagement and response slowing in anxious individuals
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Attentional Bias to Threat: Roles of Trait Anxiety, Stressful Events, and Awareness
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Words may not be enough! No increased emotional Stroop effect in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Moritz, S., Fischer, B.-K., Hottenrott, B., Kellner, M. B., Fricke, S., Randjbar, S., & Jelinek, L. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.005 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Preconscious processing of threat in posttraumatic stress disorder
Harvey, A., Bryant, R., & Rapee, R. (1996) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02227964 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Selective attention to unmasked and masked threatening words: relationships to trait anger and anxiety
van Honk, J., Tuiten, A., van den Hout, M., Putman, P., de Haan, E. H. F., & Stam, H. J. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00160-4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Automatic and Strategic Processing of Threat Stimuli: A Comparison Between PTSD, Panic Disorder, and Nonanxiety Controls
Buckley, T. C., Blanchard, E. B., & Hickling, E. J. (2002) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1013897805918 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
COGNITIVE-PSYCHOLOGY AND EMOTIONAL DISORDERS - WILLIAMS,JMG, WATTS,FN, MACLEOD,C, MATHEWS,A
Brewin, C. R. (1989) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Information - processing approaches: assessing the selective functioning of attention, interpretation and retrieval
MacLeod, C., & Rutherford, E. M. (2004) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Chronometrics of Attentional Processes in Anxiety Disorders
Horenstein, M., & Seguí, J. (2010) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000285025 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Investigation of an attentional bias for fear-related material in obsessive-compulsive checkers
Moritz, S., & von Mühlenen, A. (2007) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20294 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The causal status of anxiety-linked attentional and interpretive bias
MacLeod, C., Campbell, L., Rutherford, E., & Wilson, E. (2004) · Cognition, Emotion and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511521263.010 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Attentional bias to threat and emotional response to biological challenge.
Nay, W. T., Thorpe, G., Roberson-Nay, R., Hecker, J. E., & Sigmon, S. T. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.08.003 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Experience-dependent plasticity for attention to threat: Behavioral and neurophysiological evidence in humans
Monk, C. S., Nelson, E. E., Woldehawariat, G., Montgomery, L. A., Zarahn, E., Tone, E. B., Guyer, A. E., Leibenluft, E., Charney, D. S., Monique Ernst, D., et al. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.07.012 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

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Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology
Sheppes, G., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112739 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
Loneliness Across the Life Span
Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., Maes, M., & Verhagen, M. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615568999 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis
Armstrong, T., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.004 · Cited by 1,049 · see citing works
“In addition, the references of eye tracking studies revealed by these methods were consulted, as were the references of review papers on attentional bias in anxiety or depressive disorders (Bar-Haim et al., 2007; Cisler & Koster, 2010; Mogg & Bradley, 2005; Weierich et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive bias modification on anxiety and depression
Hallion, L. S., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0024355 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Fear of the unknown: One fear to rule them all?
Carleton, R. N. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.011 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
The impact of anxiety upon cognition: perspectives from human threat of shock studies
Robinson, O. J., Vytal, K., Cornwell, B. R., & Grillon, C. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00203 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: Theoretical and practical perspectives
Carleton, R. N. (2012) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.12.82 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers
Schmidt, K., Cowen, P. J., Harmer, C. J., Tzortzis, G., Errington, S., & Burnet, P. W. J. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3810-0 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
A review of current evidence for the causal impact of attentional bias on fear and anxiety
Van Bockstaele, B., Verschuere, B., Tibboel, H., De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., & Koster, E. H. W. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0034834 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: A Review of Meta-Analytic Findings
Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., & Deacon, B. J. (2010) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.002 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Self-citation
Anatomical insights into the interaction of emotion and cognition in the prefrontal cortex
Ray, R. D., & Zald, D. H. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.08.005 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Attentional control deficits in trait anxiety: Why you see them and why you don't
Berggren, N., & Derakshan, N. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.007 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
From the heart to the mind: cardiac vagal tone modulates top-down and bottom-up visual perception and attention to emotional stimuli
Park, G., & Thayer, J. F. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00278 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Attentional bias to pain-related information: a meta-analysis.
Crombez, G., Van Ryckeghem, D. M. L., Eccleston, C., & Van Damme, S. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.11.013 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: current status and future directions.
Iverach, L., & Rapee, R. M. (2014) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.08.003 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Measuring attentional bias to threat: reliability of dot probe and eye movement indices
Waechter, S., Nelson, A. L., Wright, C., Hyatt, A., & Oakman, J. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9588-2 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.001 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
The attentional bias modification approach to anxiety intervention
MacLeod, C., & Clarke, P. J. F. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614560749 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
The aetiology and maintenance of social anxiety disorder: A synthesis of complementary theoretical models and formulation of a new integrated model
Wong, Q. J. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.069 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Attentional bias towards threatening stimuli in children with anxiety: A meta-analysis
Dudeney, J., Sharpe, L., & Hunt, C. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.007 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of the relationship between anxiety and attentional control
Shi, R., Sharpe, L., & Abbott, M. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101754 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Temporal dynamics of attentional bias
Zvielli, A., Bernstein, A., & Koster, E. H. W. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614551572 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exploring the function of selective attention and hypervigilance for threat in anxiety
Richards, H. J., Benson, V., Donnelly, N., & Hadwin, J. A. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.10.006 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Extension of the Transdiagnostic Model to Focus on Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Review of the Literature and Implications for Treatment
Einstein, D. A. (2014) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12077 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Attention bias modification (ABM): review of effects of multisession ABM training on anxiety and threat-related attention in high-anxious individuals
Mogg, K., Waters, A. M., & Bradley, B. P. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617696359 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.001 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Content specificity of attention bias to threat in anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis
Pergamin-Hight, L., Naim, R., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.10.005 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Adaptation to potential threat: the evolution, neurobiology, and psychopathology of the security motivation system
Woody, E. Z., & Szechtman, H. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.08.003 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
What does the facial dot-probe task tell us about attentional processes in social anxiety? A systematic review
Bantin, T., Stevens, S., Gerlach, A. L., & Hermann, C. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.04.009 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Effect of attention training on attention bias variability and PTSD symptoms: Randomized controlled trials in Israeli and U.S. Combat veterans
Badura-Brack, A. S., Naim, R., Ryan, T. J., Levy, O., Abend, R., Khanna, M. M., McDermott, T. J., Pine, D. S., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14121578 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Child Sexual Abuse in the Etiology of Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of Reviews
Maniglio, R. (2013) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838012470032 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
An integrative network approach to social anxiety disorder: the complex dynamic interplay among attentional bias for threat, attentional control, and symptoms
Heeren, A., & McNally, R. J. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.06.009 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-reported attentional control with the Attentional control scale: Factor structure and relationship with symptoms of anxiety and depression
Ólafsson, R. P., Smári, J., Guðmundsdóttir, F., Ólafsdóttir, G., Harðardóttir, H. L., & Einarsson, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.013 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Attentional control moderates the relationship between social anxiety symptoms and attentional disengagement from threatening information
Taylor, C. T., Cross, K., & Amir, N. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.05.008 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Blackford, J. U., & Pine, D. S. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.002 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Failure to filter: Anxious individuals show inefficient gating of threat from working memory
Stout, D. M., Shackman, A. J., & Larson, C. L. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00058 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Neurobiological correlates of cognitions in fear and anxiety: A cognitive-neurobiological information processing model
Hofmann, S. G., Ellard, K. K., & Siegle, G. J. (2012) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.579414 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Conceptualizing eating disorder psychopathology using an anxiety disorders framework: Evidence and implications for exposure-based clinical research
Schaumberg, K., Reilly, E. E., Gorrell, S., Levinson, C. A., Farrell, N. R., Brown, T. A., Smith, K. M., Schaefer, L. M., Essayli, J. H., Haynos, A. F., et al. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101952 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The neural chronometry of threat-related attentional bias: Event-related potential (ERP) evidence for early and late stages of selective attentional processing
Gupta, R. S., Kujawa, A., & Vago, D. R. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.08.006 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Current research on cognitive aspects of anxiety disorders
Ferreri, F., Lapp, L. K., & Peretti, C.-S. (2011) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32833f5585 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
From anxious youth to depressed adolescents: Prospective prediction of 2-year depression symptoms via attentional bias measures.
Price, R. B., Rosen, D., Siegle, G. J., Ladouceur, C. D., Tang, K., Allen, K. B., Ryan, N. D., Dahl, R. E., Forbes, E. E., & Silk, J. S. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000127 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Visual search attentional bias modification reduced social phobia in adolescents
De Voogd, E. L., Wiers, R. W., Prins, P. J. M., & Salemink, E. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.11.006 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Internet-Based Attention Bias Modification for Social Anxiety: A Randomised Controlled Comparison of Training towards Negative and Training Towards Positive Cues
Boettcher, J., Leek, L., Matson, L., Holmes, E. A., Browning, M., MacLeod, C., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071760 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Eye tracking and physiological reactivity to threatening stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder
Felmingham, K. L., Rennie, C., Manor, B., & Bryant, R. A. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.02.010 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The effects of early foster care intervention on attention biases in previously institutionalized children in Romania
Troller‐Renfree, S., McDermott, J. M., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2015) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12261 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Selective attentional bias towards pain-related threat in fibromyalgia: preliminary evidence for effects of mindfulness meditation training
Vago, D. R., & Nakamura, Y. (2011) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9391-x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
An integrative review of attention biases and their contribution to treatment for anxiety disorders
Barry, T. J., Vervliet, B., & Hermans, D. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00968 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Heightened attentional capture by threat in veterans with PTSD.
Olatunji, B. O., Armstrong, T., McHugo, M., & Zald, D. H. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030440 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The effects of trauma on brain and body: A unifying role for the midbrain periaqueductal gray
Terpou, B. A., Harricharan, S., McKinnon, M. C., Frewen, P., Jetly, R., & Lanius, R. A. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24447 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Fear as a translational mechanism in the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa
Murray, S. B., Strober, M., Craske, M. G., Griffiths, S., Levinson, C. A., & Strigo, I. A. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.013 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Attention bias modification: the Emperor's new suit?
Emmelkamp, P. M. (2012) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-63 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Attentional bias towards negative stimuli in healthy individuals and the effects of trait anxiety
Veerapa, E., Grandgenevre, P., El Fayoumi, M., Vinnac, B., Haelewyn, O., Szaffarczyk, S., Vaiva, G., & D’Hondt, F. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68490-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Oxytocin selectively moderates negative cognitive appraisals in high trait anxious males
Alvares, G. A., Chen, N. T. M., Balleine, B. W., Hickie, I. B., & Guastella, A. J. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.018 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Attentional threat biases and their role in anxiety: A neurophysiological perspective
Wieser, M. J., & Keil, A. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.05.004 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Combining attention training with internet-based cognitive-behavioural self-help for social anxiety: a randomised controlled trial
Boettcher, J., Hasselrot, J., Sund, E., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.809141 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Emotion and anxiety potentiate the way attention alters visual appearance
Barbot, A., & Carrasco, M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23686-8 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
For whom the bell tolls: Neurocognitive individual differences in the acute stress-reduction effects of an attention bias modification game for anxiety
Dennis-Tiwary, T. A., Egan, L. J., Babkirk, S., & Denefrio, S. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.008 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The mediating effects of self-esteem on anxiety and emotion regulation
Fernandes, B., Newton, J., & Essau, C. A. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294121996991 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Impaired working memory updating affects memory for emotional and non-emotional materials the same way: evidence from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Nejati, V., Salehinejad, M. A., & Sabayee, A. (2018) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-017-0837-2 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Attentional bias toward threat in contamination fear: Overt components and behavioral correlates.
Armstrong, T., Sarawgi, S., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024453 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic therapy
Norton, P. J., & Roberge, P. (2017) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Online visual search attentional bias modification for adolescents with heightened anxiety and depressive symptoms: a randomized controlled trial
De Voogd, E. L., Wiers, R. W., & Salemink, E. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.02.006 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Attentional biases in problem and non-problem gamblers
Ciccarelli, M., Nigro, G., Griffiths, M. D., Cosenza, M., & D’Olimpio, F. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.009 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The role of attention bias to threat in anxiety: mechanisms, modulators and open questions
Okon-Singer, H. (2018) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.09.008 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Attentional control and suppressing negative thought intrusions in pathological worry
Fox, E., Dutton, K., Yates, A., Georgiou, G. A., & Mouchlianitis, E. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615575878 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Threat monitoring and attention-bias modification in anxiety and stress-related disorders
Shechner, T., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2016) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721416664341 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cognitive and neural models of threat appraisal in psychosis: a theoretical integration
Underwood, R., Kumari, V., & Peters, E. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.016 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The momentary interplay of affect, attention bias, and expectancies as predictors of binge eating in the natural environment
Smith, K. E., Mason, T. B., Juarascio, A., Weinbach, N., Dvorak, R., Crosby, R. D., & Wonderlich, S. A. (2020) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23235 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Diffusion Modelling Reveals the Decision Making Processes Underlying Negative Judgement Bias in Rats
Hales, C. A., Robinson, E. S. J., & Houghton, C. J. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152592 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Neural time course of threat-related attentional bias and interference in panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders
Thomas, S. J., Gonsalvez, C. J., & Johnstone, S. J. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.05.012 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
How willing are you? Willingness as a predictor of change during treatment of adults with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Reid, A. M., Garner, L. E., Van Kirk, N., Gironda, C., Krompinger, J. W., Brennan, B. P., Mathes, B. M., Monaghan, S. C., Tifft, E. D., André, M.-C., et al. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22672 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mindfulness:<i>A Transtherapeutic Approach for Transdiagnostic Mental Processes</i>
Greeson, J., Garland, E. L., & Black, D. (2014) · The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness · doi:10.1002/9781118294895.ch28 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Attention processes in chronic fatigue syndrome: Attentional bias for health-related threat and the role of attentional control
Hou, R., Moss-Morris, R., Risdale, A., Lynch, J., Jeevaratnam, P., Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.10.005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Attention bias towards negative emotional information and its relationship with daily worry in the context of acute stress: An eye-tracking study
Macatee, R. J., Albanese, B. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Cougle, J. R. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.013 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Mindfulness and acceptance-based behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders.
Roemer, L., Williston, S. K., Eustis, E. H., & Orsillo, S. M. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0410-3 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Meta-analytic review of the effects of a single dose of intranasal oxytocin on threat processing in humans
Leppanen, J., Ng, K. W., Kim, Y.-R., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.041 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The contributions of focused attention and open monitoring in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for affective disturbances: A 3-armed randomized dismantling trial
Cullen, B., Eichel, K., Lindahl, J. R., Rahrig, H., Kini, N., Flahive, J., & Britton, W. B. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244838 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“them to a neutral object, thereby reducing negative attentional biases that drive many affective disorders [9,10].”
Background
Effect of distracting faces on visual selective attention in the monkey
Landman, R., Sharma, J., Sur, M., & Desimone, R. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1420167111 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Attention guidance augmentation of virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Rubin, M., Muller, K., Hayhoe, M. M., & Telch, M. J. (2022) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2022.2053882 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“These include attentional hypervigilance to social evaluative cues (Rapee & Heimberg, 1997), attentional avoidance (Cisler & Koster, 2010), self-focused attention (Clark & Wells, 1995), attentional switching between internal and external social-evaluative threat cues (Rapee & Heimberg, 1997) and…”
Background
Home-delivered attention bias modification training via smartphone to improve attention control in sub-clinical generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized, controlled multi-session experiment
Teng, M.-H., Hou, Y.-M., Chang, S.-H., & Cheng, H.-J. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.118 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Health anxiety and attentional bias: The time course of vigilance and avoidance in light of pictorial illness information
Jasper, F., & Witthöft, M. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.004 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
How do illness-anxious individuals process health-threatening information? a systematic review of evidence for the cognitive-behavioral model
Leonidou, C., & Panayiotou, G. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.06.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Targeting Biased Emotional Attention to Threat as a Dynamic Process in Time: Attention Feedback Awareness and Control Training (A-FACT)
Zvielli, A., Amir, I., Goldstein, P., & Bernstein, A. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615588048 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The beneficial effects of a positive attention bias amongst children with a history of psychosocial deprivation
Troller-Renfree, S., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.04.008 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gender differences in salivary alpha-amylase and attentional bias towards negative facial expressions following acute stress induction
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Authors: Cisler, J. M., & Koster, E. H. W.
Affiliations: Medical University of South Carolina (US)
Ghent University (BE)
Corresponding author: Cisler, Josh M.
ORCID: Cisler, Josh M.
Koster, Ernst H.W.
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-03
Volume: 30
Issue: 2
Pages: 203-216
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003
PMC: PMC2814889
OpenAlex: W2029774343
Cited by: 1,753
References: 183
Citations by year: 2026: 87 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 148 · 2018: 133 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 120 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 98 · 2012: 77
FWCI: 6.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH018869)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
Keywords: anxiety disorders, attentional disengagement, attentional avoidance, threat detection, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, attentional control, emotion regulation
MeSH terms: Anxiety Disorders, Attention, Emotions, Humans, Models, Psychological, Neuropsychological Tests, Orientation

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Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review

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